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Triphasic eupnea consists of inspiratory [I], post\u2010inspiratory [post\u2010I], and late\u2010expiratory [E2] phases. Mesencephalic zones exert modulatory influences upon respiratory rhythm\u2010generating circuitry, sympathetic oscillators, and parasympathetic nuclei. The earliest evidence supporting the existence of midbrain control of breathing derives from studies conducted by Martin and Booker in 1878. These authors demonstrated electrical stimulation of the deep layers of the\u00a0mesencephalic colliculi in the rabbit\u00a0augmented ventilation and sequentially elicited chest wall tremors and tetany. Investigations performed during the past several decades\u00a0would demonstrate stimlation of distributed zones within the midbrain reticular formation elicits starkly disparate effects upon respiratory phase switching. Schmid, B\u00f6hmer, and Fallert demonstrated electrical stimulation of the nucleus rubre\u00a0and emanating axon bundles alternately elicits or inhibits the activity of medullary expiratory\u2010 or inspiratory\u2010related units and phrenic nerve discharge with differential latency. A series of studies would later indicate the red nucleus mediates hypoxic ventilatory depression. Periaqueductal gray matter neurons exhibit extensive afferent and efferent interconnectivity with suprabulbar, brainstem, and spinal cord zones aptly positioning these units to modulate breathing, autonomic outflow, nociception locomotion, micturtion, and sexual behavior.\u00a0Experimental stimulatory activation of the tectal colliculi and periaqueductal gray matter via electrical current or glutamate, D,L\u2010homocysteinic acid, or bicuculline microinjections coordinately modulates neuromotor inspiratory bursting frequency and amplitude and discharge of pre\u2010B\u00f6tzinger complex, ventrolateral medullary late\u2010I and post\u2010I, and ventrolateral nucleus tractus solitarius decrementing early\u2010I and augmenting and decrementing late\u2010I neurons, elicits expiratory outflow and vocalization, and blunt the Hering\u2010Breuer reflex in unanesthetzed decerebrate and anesthetized preprations of the cat and rat. Stimulation of the mesencephalic colliuli or dorsal divisions of the PAG potently amplifes renal sympathetic neural efferent activity, dynamic arterial pressure magnitude, and myocardial contraction frequency and elicits various behavioral defense responses. Elicited physiological effects exhibit extensive locoregional heterogeneity and variably enlist requisite contributions from the dorsomedial hypothalamus and\/or lateral parabrachial nuclei. Stimulation of the dorsal mesencephalon occasionally elicits dynamic increases of arterial pressure magnitude exhibiting prominent oscillatory variability coherent with phrenic nerve discharge, perhaps by generating intra\u2010neuraxial hysteresis, serving to intermittently deliver blood to organ vascular beds under high pressure in order to prevent organ edema, microcirculatory dysfunction, and downregulation of vascular smooth muscle alpha adrenergic receptors. Chemosensitive mesencephalic caudal raph\u00e9\u00a0units and projections of hypoxia\u2010sensitive units in the caudal hypothalamus to the periaqueductal gray matter may imply the existence of a diencephalo\u2010smesencephalic chemosensitive network modulating breathing and sympathetic discharge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T05:53:12Z","timestamp":1585547592000},"page":"3879-3902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["<i>Retracted:<\/i> Midbrain control of breathing and blood pressure: The role of periaqueductal gray matter and mesencephalic collicular neuronal microcircuit oscillators"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7660-620X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"George Zaki Ghali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery University of California San Francisco California"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19981130)401:4<455::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18944"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10193.1"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"647","article-title":"Termination areas of corticobulbar and corticospinal fibres in the rat","volume":"25","author":"Antal M.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal f\u00fcr Hirnforschung"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006148"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90041-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1932.sp002848"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1932.sp002849"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1932.sp002850"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1932.sp002851"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1932.sp002863"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00298.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(82)90004-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(82)90157-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2015.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Ueber die Contractionen und die Innervation der Milz. 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