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This selection, according to the load theory of attention, is modulated by cognitive load, involving the frontal cortices, with more significant distractor interference under high cognitive load, with strained executive control resources. Evidence in support of this theory exists; however, working memory tasks were predominately used in these investigations. The influence of other types of cognitive load on distractor processing is largely unknown. An interleaved pro\u2010 and anti\u2010saccade task has often been used to investigate executive control in which subjects are instructed in advance to either automatically look at the peripheral stimulus (pro\u2010saccade), or to suppress the automatic response and voluntarily look in the direction opposite of the stimulus (anti\u2010saccade). Distinct frontal preparatory activity has been clearly characterized during preparation for pro\u2010 and anti\u2010saccades, with higher inhibition\u2010related activity in preparation for anti\u2010saccades than pro\u2010saccades. Here, we used an interleaved pro\u2010 and anti\u2010saccade paradigm to investigate the modulation of distractor interference by cognitive load in a group of 24 healthy young adults. Luminant distractors were used to evoke automatic pupillary responses to evaluate distractor processing. Greater pupillary dilation following dark distractor presentation was observed in the anti\u2010saccade than the pro\u2010saccade preparation. These effects, however, were absent in pupillary constriction following bright distractors. Together, our results support the load theory of attention, importantly highlighting the potential of using involuntary changes in pupil size to objectively investigate attentional selection under load.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,11]],"date-time":"2020-04-11T08:05:02Z","timestamp":1586592302000},"page":"3061-3073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Investigating cognitive load modulation of distractor processing using pupillary luminance responses in the anti\u2010saccade paradigm"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Yu\u2010Fan","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Brain and Consciousness Taipei Medical University\u2010Shuang Ho Hospital New Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talia","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich School and Medicine and Dentistry Western University London ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6203-7701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin\u2010An","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Brain and Consciousness Taipei Medical University\u2010Shuang Ho Hospital New Taipei City Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Taipei Medical University\u2010Shuang Ho Hospital New Taipei City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1992.tb00276.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.91.2.276"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/15.2.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-152823"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2010.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033753"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00830.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.05.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210802483503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1056496"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00562.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2016.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00020-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113728"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07902.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.953"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2006.00403.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062012-170249"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn723"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.21.3.451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721410370295"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196756"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.133.3.339"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","volume-title":"The pupil: Anatomy, physiology, and clinical applications","author":"Loewenfeld I. 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