{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:09:59Z","timestamp":1790737799029,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Studies using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) typically incorporate a\n                    <jats:italic>fade\u2010in<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>short\u2010stimulation<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>fade\u2010out<\/jats:italic>\n                    sham (placebo) protocol, which is assumed to be indistinct from a 10\u201330\u00a0min active protocol on the scalp. However, many studies report that participants can dissociate active stimulation from sham, even during low\u2010intensity 1\u00a0mA currents. We recently identified differences in the perception of an active (10\u00a0min of 1\u00a0mA) and a sham (20\u00a0s of 1\u00a0mA) protocol that lasted for 5 min after the cessation of sham. In the present study we assessed whether delivery of a higher\u2010intensity 2\u00a0mA current would exacerbate these differences. Two protocols were delivered to 32 adults in a double\u2010blinded, within\u2010subjects design (\n                    <jats:italic>active:<\/jats:italic>\n                    10\u00a0min of 2\u00a0mA, and\n                    <jats:italic>sham:<\/jats:italic>\n                    20\u00a0s of 2\u00a0mA), with the anode over the left primary motor cortex and the cathode on the right forehead. Participants were asked \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>Is the stimulation on<\/jats:italic>\n                    ?\u201d and \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>How sure are you?<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201d at 30\u00a0s intervals during and after stimulation. The differences between active and sham were more consistent and sustained during 2\u00a0mA than during 1\u00a0mA. We then quantified how well participants were able to track the presence and absence of stimulation (i.e. their sensitivity) during the experiment using cross\u2010correlations. Current strength was a good classifier of sensitivity during active tDCS, but exhibited only moderate specificity during sham. The accuracy of the\n                    <jats:italic>end\u2010of\u2010study guess<\/jats:italic>\n                    was no better than chance at predicting sensitivity. Our results indicate that the traditional end\u2010of\u2010study guess poorly reflects the sensitivity of participants to stimulation, and may not be a valid method of assessing sham blinding.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T14:02:12Z","timestamp":1603548132000},"page":"1592-1604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Is the \u201cend\u2010of\u2010study guess\u201d a valid measure of sham blinding during transcranial direct current stimulation?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4061-4464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Learmonth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1237962"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"No effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the motor cortex on response\u2010related ERPs during a conflict task","volume":"10","author":"Conley A. C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124509"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2011.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The time course of ineffective sham\u2010blinding during low\u2010intensity (1mA) transcranial direct current stimulation","author":"Greinacher R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2014.00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4667-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00453"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00235-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047514"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00999"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perception of comfort during active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation: A double blind study","author":"Russo R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thielscher A. Antunes A. &Saturnino G. B.(2015).Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: A useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS?In 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blinding is compromised for transcranial direct current stimulation at 1 mA for 20 min in young healthy adults","author":"Turi Z.","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential bilateral primary motor cortex tDCS fails to modulate choice bias and readiness in perceptual decision making","volume":"12","author":"Turkakin E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroengineerin"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149703"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14651"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ejn.15018","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ejn.15018","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ejn.15018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T22:31:17Z","timestamp":1693089077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ejn.15018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ejn.15018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.15018","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.15018\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.15018\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.15018\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.15018\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.15018\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.15018\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.07.11.198416","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0953-816X","1460-9568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-816X","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-9568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}