{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:46:15Z","timestamp":1782283575060,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sensitivity of the auditory system is regulated via two major efferent pathways: the medial olivocochlear system that connects to the outer hair cells, and by the middle ear muscles\u2014the tensor tympani and stapedius. The role of the former system in suppressing otoacoustic emissions has been extensively studied, but that of the complementary network has not. In studies of selective attention, decreases in otoacoustic emissions from contralateral stimulation have been ascribed to the medial olivocochlear system, but the acknowledged problem is that the results can be confounded by parallel muscle activity. Here, the potential role of the muscle system is examined through a wide but not exhaustive review of the selective attention literature, and the unifying hypothesis is made that the prominent \u201cphysiological noise\u201d detected in such experiments, which is reduced during attention, is the sound produced by the muscles in proximity to the ear\u2014including the middle ear muscles. All muscles produce low\u2010frequency sound during contraction, but the implications for selective attention experiments\u2014in which muscles near the ear are likely to be active\u2014have not been adequately considered. This review and synthesis suggests that selective attention may reduce physiological noise in the ear canal by reducing the activity of muscles close to the ear. Indeed, such an experiment has already been done, but the significance of its findings have not been widely appreciated. Further sets of experiments are needed in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T12:41:45Z","timestamp":1611405705000},"page":"2726-2739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Muscles in and around the ear as the source of \u201cphysiological noise\u201d during auditory selective attention: A review and novel synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7737-2801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eccles Institute of Neuroscience John Curtin School of Medical Research Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8404-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. Wiktor","family":"Jedrzejczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5079311"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5123391"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.17430\/882057","article-title":"How do middle ear muscles protect the cochlea? 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