{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:43:29Z","timestamp":1772160209250,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The duration of daytime light phase (photoperiod) controls reproduction in seasonal mammals. Syrian hamsters are sexually active when exposed to long photoperiod, while gonadal atrophy is observed after exposure to short photoperiod. The photorefractory period, or photorefractoriness, is a particular state of spontaneous recrudescence of sexual activity that occurs after a long\u2010term exposure to short photoperiod. Expression of core clock genes in the master circadian clock contained in the suprachiasmatic nuclei depends on photoperiodic conditions. Interestingly, the expression of the\n                    <jats:italic>Clock<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene is also modified in photorefractory Syrian hamsters. Since melatonin and testosterone levels in seasonal species are dependent on photoperiod, photoperiodic variations of\n                    <jats:italic>Clock<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA levels in the suprachiasmatic clock could be a consequence of these hormonal changes. To test this hypothesis, we analysed the effects of pinealectomy on\n                    <jats:italic>Clock<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA changes due to long to short photoperiod transition and of gonadectomy on\n                    <jats:italic>Clock<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA levels in photorefractory period. Our data show that the suprachiasmatic integration of the short photoperiod (assessed by a rhythmic expression profile of\n                    <jats:italic>Clock<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is independent of the presence of melatonin. Furthermore, constitutively low expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Clock<\/jats:italic>\n                    observed during the photorefractory period does not require the presence of either melatonin or testosterone. However, we show that both hormones provide positive feedback on average levels of\n                    <jats:italic>Clock<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that daily variations of\n                    <jats:italic>Clock<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels in the suprachiasmatic nuclei are influenced by photoperiodic changes and the time spent in short photoperiod, independently of seasonal modifications of melatonin or testosterone levels.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]],"date-time":"2021-04-11T06:40:22Z","timestamp":1618123222000},"page":"3612-3620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pinealectomy and gonadectomy modulate amplitude, but not photoperiodic modulation of\n                    <i>Clock<\/i>\n                    gene expression in the Syrian hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3788-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibtissam","family":"Chakir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences CNRS and University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary faculty LPRD Sultan Moulay Slimane University Beni\u2010Mellal Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin B.","family":"Tournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adult Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry University Hospitals of Geneva Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanane","family":"Touati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USTHB Faculty of Biological Sciences Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms Neurobiology Team Algiers Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent\u2010Joseph","family":"Poirel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences CNRS and University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Challet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences CNRS and University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Pevet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences CNRS and University of Strasbourg Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ouarour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science Laboratory of Biology and Health Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University Tetouan Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Vuillez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences CNRS and University of Strasbourg Strasbourg 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