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Empirical evidence links treatment resistance to insufficient brain plasticity and chronic inflammation. Therefore, this study encompasses analysis of neurotrophic and inflammatory factors in psychiatric patients undergoing rTMS and ECT in order to refine the selection of patients and predict clinical outcomes. This study enrolled 25 drug\u2010resistant depressive patients undergoing rTMS and 31 drug\u2010resistant schizophrenia patients undergoing ECT. Clinical efficacy of brain stimulation therapies was gauged using MADRS and HAM\u2010D scales in the depression group and PANSS scale in the schizophrenia group. Blood\u2010derived BDNF, VEGF, and TNF\u03b1 were analysed during the treatment course. For reference, 19 healthy control subjects were also enrolled. After statistical analysis, no significant differences were detected in BDNF, VEGF, and TNF\u03b1 concentrations among healthy, depressive, and schizophrenic subject groups before the treatment. However, depressive patient treatment with rTMS has increased BDNF concentration, while schizophrenic patient treatment with ECT has lowered the concentration of TNF\u03b1. Our findings suggest that a lower initial TNF\u03b1 concentration could be a marker for treatment success in depressed patients undergoing rTMS, whereas in schizophrenic patient group treated with ECT, a higher concentration of VEGF correlates to milder symptoms post\u2010treatment, especially in the negative scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T20:36:47Z","timestamp":1618605407000},"page":"3791-3802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Brain stimulation effects on serum BDNF, VEGF, and TNF\u03b1 in treatment\u2010resistant psychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6216-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giedre","family":"Valiuliene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Sciences Center Institute of Biochemistry Vilnius 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