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Adequate maternal care in early childhood is therefore particularly important for the normal brain development, and adverse early life experiences can lead to altered emotional, behavioral, and neuroendocrine stress responses in the adulthood. As a form of neonatal stress, maternal deprivation\/separation is often used in behavioral studies to examine the effects of early life stress and for modeling the development of certain psychiatric disorders and brain pathologies in animal models. The temporary loss of maternal care during the critical postpartum periods remodels the offspring's brain and provokes long\u2010term effects on learning and cognition, the development of mental disorders, aggression, and an increased tendency for the drug abuse. Early life stress through maternal deprivation affects neuroendocrine responses to stress in adolescence and adulthood by dysregulating the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis and permanently disrupts stress resilience. In this review, we focused on how improper maternal care during early postnatal life affects brain development resulting in modified behavior later in life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T22:24:52Z","timestamp":1618784692000},"page":"2058-2075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["How early maternal deprivation changes the brain and behavior?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2477-5279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"\u010cater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty Laboratory for Animal Genomics Institute for Preclinical Studies University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Physiology University of Maribor  Maribor Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Majdi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty Laboratory for Animal Genomics Institute for Preclinical Studies University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Physiology University of Maribor  Maribor Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2019.104610"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709419104"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-01-00019.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2018.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht310"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049096502001191"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9554-7_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.2012.661377"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301410"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119179313.wbprim0080"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179954"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_17_17_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"Maternal care and mental health","volume":"3","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Bulleting of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.104596"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2281-05.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12265"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3252-06.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2012.02306.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.181"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02844-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(03)00010-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/509282a"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.230"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91500-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5698\/1535-7597.18.5.329"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480251103"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_17_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.841","article-title":"Maternal separation affects expression of stress response genes and increases vulnerability to ethanol consumption","volume":"8","author":"Almeida Magalh\u00e3 T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_33_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Brain corticosteroid balance and homeostatic control","volume":"12","author":"Kloet E. 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