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However, there is evidence that peripheral systems are also involved in mood, stress vulnerability vs. resilience, and emotion\u2010related memory encoding. Prevalence of stress and mood disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and post\u2010traumatic stress disorder is increasing in our modern societies. Unfortunately, 30%\u201350% of individuals respond poorly to currently available treatments highlighting the need to further investigate emotion\u2010related biology to gain mechanistic insights that could lead to innovative therapies. Here, we provide an overview of inflammation\u2010related mechanisms involved in mood regulation and stress responses discovered using animal models. If clinical studies are available, we discuss translational value of these findings including limitations. Neuroimmune mechanisms of depression and maladaptive stress responses have been receiving increasing attention, and thus, the first part is centered on inflammation and dysregulation of brain and circulating cytokines in stress and mood disorders. Next, recent studies supporting a role for inflammation\u2010driven leakiness of the blood\u2013brain and gut barriers in emotion regulation and mood are highlighted. Stress\u2010induced exacerbated inflammation fragilizes these barriers which become hyperpermeable through loss of integrity and altered biology. At the gut level, this could be associated with dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbial communities, and alteration of the gut\u2013brain axis which is central to production of mood\u2010related neurotransmitter serotonin. Novel therapeutic approaches such as anti\u2010inflammatory drugs, the fast\u2010acting antidepressant ketamine, and probiotics could directly act on the mechanisms described here improving mood disorder\u2010associated symptomatology. Discovery of biomarkers has been a challenging quest in psychiatry, and we end by listing promising targets worth further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T07:46:04Z","timestamp":1618904764000},"page":"2851-2894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Inflammation\u2010driven brain and gut barrier dysfunction in stress and mood disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2094-5514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Doney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center Universit\u00e9 Laval  QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8228-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Cadoret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center Universit\u00e9 Laval  QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Dion\u2010Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center Universit\u00e9 Laval  QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Lebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center Universit\u00e9 Laval  QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8202-7378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Menard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center Universit\u00e9 Laval  QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1306081"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-053013-062946"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2016.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210728"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2017.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-020-00699-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"2310","article-title":"IL\u20101\u03b2 causes an increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability","volume":"177","author":"Al\u2010Sadi R. 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