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The PubMed database was reviewed prior to 31 September 2020 on randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on the mental rotation ability in healthy persons. A total of 17 studies (including 485 subjects) matched our inclusion criteria. Within their scope, overall, 46 sham\u2010controlled experiments were performed. Methodology and results of each experiment are presented in a meta\u2010analysis. The data show a large variety of methods and effects. The influence of (1) stimulation\u2010technique (tDCS, tACS, and rTMS), (2) stimulation protocol (anodal, cathodal, bilateral tDCS, tACS, high\u2010frequency rTMS, low\u2010frequency rTMS, paired pulse rTMS, and theta burst stimulation), (3) stimulation timing (preconditioning and simultaneous), (4) stimulation location (left, right hemisphere, frontal, and parietal area), and (5) stimulus type (bodily and non\u2010bodily) is discussed. The data indicate a beneficial effect of anodal tDCS and of tACS and no effect of cathodal tDCS on the mental rotation ability. Bilateral tDCS protocols both improved and worsened the parameters assessed. The small effect sizes obtained in mostly rTMS experiments require cautious interpretation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T15:39:27Z","timestamp":1634312367000},"page":"7493-7512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Non\u2010invasive brain stimulation in modulation of mental rotation ability: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9184-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitka","family":"Veldema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology University Hospital and University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Gharabaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology University Hospital and University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human Science University of Regensburg  Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2015.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1266"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-3-38"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4653256"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Campbell M.J. 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