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Despite this, most research into the underlying mechanisms, which drives drug development, have been carried out using male animals. In an effort to redress this imbalance, we compared responses of male and female Wistar rats during exposure to two unconditioned threatening stimuli that evoke panic\u2010related defensive behaviours: confrontation with a predator (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Bothrops alternatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and acute exposure to hypoxia (7% O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Threatened by venomous snake, male and female rats initially displayed defensive attention, risk assessment, and cautious interaction with the snake, progressing to defensive immobility to overt escape. Both males and females displayed higher levels of risk assessment but less interaction with the predator. They also spent more time in the burrow, displaying inhibitory avoidance, and more time engaged in defensive attention, and non\u2010oriented escape behaviour. In females, anxiety\u2010like behaviour was most pronounced in the oestrous and proestrus phases whereas panic\u2010like behaviour was more pronounced during the dioestrus phase, particularly during late dioestrus. Acute hypoxia evoked panic\u2010like behaviour (undirected jumping) in both sexes, but in females, responsiveness in late dioestrus was significantly greater than at other stages of the cycle. The results reveal that females respond in a qualitatively similar manner to males during exposure to naturally occurring threatening stimuli, but the responses of females is oestrous cycle dependent with a significant exacerbation of panic\u2010like behaviour in the late dioestrus phase.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T21:33:13Z","timestamp":1638307993000},"page":"32-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Panic\u2010like responses of female Wistar rats confronted by\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Bothrops alternatus<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    pit vipers, or exposure to acute hypoxia: Effect of oestrous cycle"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2199-8223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Ferreira\u2010Sgobbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Pharmacology Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Division of Psychobiology Ribeir\u00e3o Preto School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"},{"name":"NAP\u2010USP\u2010Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE) Ribeir\u00e3o Preto School of Medicine of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"},{"name":"Behaviour of Snakes Division\u2010MEDUSA Project Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC)  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca Machado","family":"de Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"},{"name":"NAP\u2010USP\u2010Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE) Ribeir\u00e3o Preto School of Medicine of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana Tercino","family":"Frias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Pharmacology Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 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