{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:47:46Z","timestamp":1773298066416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013202","name":"Touro University California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Previous studies show that the main cannabinoid receptor in the brain\u2014cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R)\u2014is required for establishment of axonal projections in developing neurons but questions remain regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms, especially in neurons developing in their native environment. We assessed the effects of CB1R signalling on growth cone filopodia and axonal projections of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in whole mount brains from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    tadpoles. Our results indicate that growth cones of RGC axons in brains from tadpoles exposed to a CB1R agonist had fewer filopodial protrusions, whereas growth cones from tadpoles exposed to a CB1R inverse agonist had more filopodia than growth cones of RGC axons in whole brains from control tadpoles. However, application of both the CB1R agonist and inverse agonist resulted in RGC axons that were overly dispersed and undulatory in the optic tract in situ. In addition, expression of a mutant for cadherin adhesive factor, \u03b2\u2010catenin, that disrupts its binding to \u03b1\u2010catenin, and application of an inhibitor for actin regulator non\u2010muscle Myosin II, phenocopied the effects of the CB1R agonist and inverse agonist on growth cone filopodia, respectively. These findings suggest that both destablization and stabilization of growth cone filopodia are required for RGC axonal fasciculation\/defasciculation in the optic tract and that CB1R regulates growth cone filopodia and axon dispersion of RGCs by oppositely modulating \u03b2\u2010catenin adhesive and Myosin II actin regulatory functions. This study extends and confirms our understanding of cannabinoid mechanisms in sculpting developing neuronal circuits in vivo.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T23:48:34Z","timestamp":1642722514000},"page":"989-1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 regulates growth cone filopodia and axon dispersion in the optic tract of\n                    <i>Xenopus laevis<\/i>\n                    tadpoles"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5174-2915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamira","family":"Elul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine Touro University California  Vallejo California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine Touro University California  Vallejo California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Hanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine Touro University California  Vallejo California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine Touro University California  Vallejo California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenton","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine Touro University California  Vallejo California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine Touro University California  Vallejo California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celeste","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine Touro University California  Vallejo California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine Touro University California  Vallejo California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Basic Sciences University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4134-09.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24406"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137406"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2254-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-12-03204.1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06159.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90181-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609067104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/60123"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0681-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-16-06567.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.101.1.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-09-03123.1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(90)90095-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.05.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1367"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.15932"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803545105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8104-5-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Normal table of Xenopus laevis","author":"Nieuwkoop P. 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