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The autonomic system imbalance produced by severe brain damage may play an important role in the development of NPE. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the vagus nerve system are essential prerequisites for autonomic system imbalance. The more severe the damage, the more pronounced the phenomenon. Sympathetic hyperactivity is associated with increased release of catecholamines from peripheral sympathetic nerve endings, which can cause dramatic changes in haemodynamics and cause pulmonary oedema. On the other hand, the abnormal inflammatory response caused by vagus nerve inhibition may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of NPE. The perspective of autonomic system imbalance seems to perfectly integrate the existing pathogenesis of NPE and can explain the entire development progression of NPE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:37:33Z","timestamp":1647045453000},"page":"1645-1657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Role of autonomic system imbalance in neurogenic pulmonary oedema"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9811-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aobing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College  Shantou China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College  Shantou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2208-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology of Visceral Function and Body Fluid, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki University  Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4526"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-020-00184-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1242"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2005.00755.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000206077.13705.6d"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(93)90520-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2007.01276.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2014.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.129643"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011714"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719109338876"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3014662"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1491"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12817"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00233-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001010050492"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199704000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.64.3.0494"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01452"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001101"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1998.275.2.H689"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-043780-1.50026-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-010-9174-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2009.AMH036"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1973.224.2.223"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000138452.81003.4c"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410170606"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.12.007"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","first-page":"583","article-title":"Pulmonary complications in the patient with acute head injury: Neurogenic pulmonary edema","volume":"18","author":"Dettbarn C. 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