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The stimulation of the N. I elicited neural responses in N.I\u2010olfactory bulb (OB)\u2010forebrain preparations at the embryonic 8\u201312\u2009day (E8\u2010E12) stages. At the E11 stage, we functionally identified two circuits projecting from the OB to the forebrain. The first circuit passed through the ventral side of the forebrain and spread in the dorso\u2010caudal direction, whereas the second circuit passed through the dorsal side to the first circuit. Pharmacological experiments showed that N\u2010methyl\u2010\n                    <jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010aspartate (NMDA) receptor function was more significant for the transfer of sensory information in these circuits. The functional development of N.I\u2010related circuits was investigated, and the results obtained revealed that the ventral circuit was generated earlier than the dorsal circuit. Neural responses in the ventral circuit were detected from the E9 stage in normal physiological solution and the E8 stage in Mg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010free solution, which activated NMDA receptor function. At the E10 stage, neural responses in the dorsal circuit were clearly recognised in addition to ventral responses. We attempted to identify possible candidates for relay nuclei in the forebrain by comparing contour line maps of the optical signal amplitude with previously reported neuroanatomical data. The results suggest that N.I\u2010related neural circuits from the periphery to the subpallium functionally mature earlier than those to the pallium during ontogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T06:59:45Z","timestamp":1659509985000},"page":"4914-4929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Functional development of olfactory nerve\u2010related neural circuits in the embryonic chick forebrain revealed by voltage\u2010sensitive dye imaging"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9565-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsushige","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences Komazawa Women's University Faculty of Human Health  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8613-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoko","family":"Momose\u2010Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nutrition Kanto Gakuin University  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"417","volume-title":"Nomina Anatomica Avium","author":"Breazile J. 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