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Especially in the case of substance use disorders, interest in the individual vulnerability to transition from controlled to compulsive drug taking warrants the development of novel dimension\u2010based objective stratification tools. Here we drew on a multidimensional preclinical model of addiction, namely the 3\u2010criteria model, previously developed to identify the neurobehavioural basis of the individual's vulnerability to switch from controlled to compulsive drug taking, to test a machine\u2010learning assisted classifier objectively to identify individual subjects as vulnerable\/resistant to addiction. Datasets from our previous studies on addiction\u2010like behaviour for cocaine or alcohol were fed into a variety of machine\u2010learning algorithms to develop a classifier that identifies resilient and vulnerable rats with high precision and reproducibility irrespective of the cohort to which they belong. A classifier based on K\u2010median or K\u2010mean\u2010clustering (for cocaine or alcohol, respectively) followed by artificial neural networks emerged as a highly reliable and accurate tool to predict if a single rat is vulnerable\/resilient to addiction. Thus, each rat previously characterized as displaying 0\u2010criterion (i.e., resilient) or 3\u2010criteria (i.e., vulnerable) in individual cohorts was correctly labelled by this classifier. The present machine\u2010learning\u2010based classifier objectively labels single individuals as resilient or vulnerable to developing addiction\u2010like behaviour in a multisymptomatic preclinical model of addiction\u2010like behaviour in rats. This novel dimension\u2010based classifier increases the heuristic value of these preclinical models while providing proof of principle to deploy similar tools for the future of diagnosis of psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T12:54:40Z","timestamp":1665406480000},"page":"6069-6083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Towards a machine\u2010learning assisted diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and their operationalization in preclinical research: Evidence from studies on addiction\u2010like behaviour in individual rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9795-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kshitij S.","family":"Jadhav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry Lausanne University Hospital  Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Cambridge Laboratory for Research on Impulsive\/Compulsive spectrum Disorders (CLIC), Department of Psychology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Boury Jamot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry Lausanne University Hospital  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronique","family":"Deroche\u2010Gamonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7383-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Belin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Laboratory for Research on Impulsive\/Compulsive spectrum Disorders (CLIC), Department of Psychology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4988-759X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Boutrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry Lausanne University Hospital  Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry Lausanne University Hospital  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.644495"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.2.3.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders \u2010 DSM IV","author":"APA","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM 5","author":"APA","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao1157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011940"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.103.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2017.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12500"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76182-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"402","article-title":"Overfitting in neural nets: Backpropagation, conjugate gradient, and early stopping","volume":"13","author":"Caruana R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Chollet F.&others. 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