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The current study sought to scrutinise how perceptual learning of random acoustic patterns is shaped by two potential modulators: temporal regularity of pattern repetition and listeners' attention. To this end, we adapted an established implicit learning paradigm and presented short acoustic sequences that could contain embedded repetitions of a certain sound segment (i.e., pattern) or not. During each experimental block, one repeating pattern recurred across multiple trials, whereas the other patterns were presented in only one trial. During the presentation of sound sequences that contained either temporally regular or jittered within\u2010trial pattern repetitions, participants' attention was directed either towards or away from the auditory stimulation. Overall, we found a memory\u2010related modulation of the event\u2010related potential (ERP) and an increase in inter\u2010trial phase coherence for patterns that recurred across multiple trials (compared to non\u2010recurring patterns), accompanied by a performance increase in a (within\u2010trial) repetition detection task when listeners attended the sounds. Remarkably, we show a memory\u2010related ERP effect even for the first pattern occurrence per sequence when participants attended the sounds, but not when they were engaged in a visual distractor task. These findings suggest that learning of unfamiliar sound patterns is robust against temporal irregularity and inattention, but attention facilitates access to established memory representations upon first occurrence within a sequence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T01:48:53Z","timestamp":1682387333000},"page":"2112-2135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Perceptual learning of random acoustic patterns: Impact of temporal regularity and attention"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6115-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Ringer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication (IMPRS NeuroCom) Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology Leipzig University  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Research Group Neurocognition of Music and Language Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics  Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8321-6629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erich","family":"Schr\u00f6ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology Leipzig University  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9071-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics of Cognition Lab, Institute of Physics Chemnitz University of Technology  Chemnitz Germany"},{"name":"Cognitive Systems Lab, Institute of Physics Chemnitz University of Technology  Chemnitz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4807641"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0005935"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.09.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00071-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25742442.2021.1909400"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508523113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.2000.0738"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200006260-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1486.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001665"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0001016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508431112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"GNU octave version 5.2.0 manual: A high\u2010level interactive language for numerical comparisons","author":"Eaton J. 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