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Conventional tDCS targets M1 but also the motor association cortices (MAC), making the precise contribution of these areas to IMSL presently unclear. We aimed to address this issue by comparing conventional tDCS of M1 and MAC to 4\u00a0*\u00a01 high\u2010definition (HD) tDCS, which more focally targets M1. In this mixed\u2010factorial, sham\u2010controlled, crossover study in 89 healthy young adults, we used mixed\u2010effects models to analyse sequence\u2010specific and general learning effects in the acquisition and short\u2010 and long\u2010term consolidation phases of IMSL, as measured by the serial reaction time task. Conventional tDCS did not influence general learning, improved sequence\u2010specific learning during acquisition (anodal:\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u200942.64\u00a0ms, sham:\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u200932.87\u00a0ms,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0.041), and seemingly deteriorated it at long\u2010term consolidation (anodal:\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u200975.37\u00a0ms, sham:\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u200986.63\u00a0ms,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0.019). HD tDCS did not influence general learning, slowed performance specifically in sequential blocks across all learning phases (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    's\u2009&lt;\u2009.050), and consequently deteriorated sequence\u2010specific learning during acquisition (anodal:\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u200924.13\u00a0ms, sham:\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u200935.67\u00a0ms,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0.014) and long\u2010term consolidation (anodal:\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u200960.03\u00a0ms, sham:\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u200975.01\u00a0ms,\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0.002). Our findings indicate that the observed superior conventional tDCS effects on IMSL are possibly attributable to a generalized stimulation of M1 and\/or adjacent MAC, rather than M1 alone. Alternatively, the differential effects can be attributed to cathodal inhibition of other cortical areas involved in IMSL by the 4\u00a0*\u00a01 HD tDCS return electrodes, and\/or more variable electric field strengths induced by HD tDCS, compared with conventional tDCS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T02:11:40Z","timestamp":1697854300000},"page":"4181-4194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Differential effects of conventional and high\u2010definition transcranial direct\u2010current stimulation of the motor cortex on implicit motor sequence learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8689-7642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahyar","family":"Firouzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain, Body and Cognition Research 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