{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:48:59Z","timestamp":1787014139465,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG RE 2740\/3\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG RE 2740\/3\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microglia are essential contributors to synaptic transmission and stability and communicate with neurons via the fractalkine pathway. Transcranial direct current stimulation [(t)DCS], a form of non\u2010invasive electrical brain stimulation, modulates cortical excitability and promotes neuroplasticity, which has been extensively demonstrated in the motor cortex and for motor learning. The role of microglia and their fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 in motor cortical neuroplasticity mediated by DCS or motor learning requires further elucidation. We demonstrate the effects of pharmacological microglial depletion and genetic Cx3cr1 deficiency on the induction of DCS\u2010induced long\u2010term potentiation (DCS\u2010LTP) ex vivo. The relevance of microglia\u2013neuron communication for DCS response and structural neuroplasticity underlying motor learning are assessed via 2\u2010photon in vivo imaging. The behavioural consequences of impaired CX3CR1 signalling are investigated for both gross and fine motor learning. We show that DCS\u2010mediated neuroplasticity in the motor cortex depends on the presence of microglia and is driven in part by CX3CR1 signalling ex vivo and provide the first evidence of microglia interacting with neurons during DCS in vivo. Furthermore, CX3CR1 signalling is required for motor learning and underlying structural neuroplasticity in concert with microglia interaction. Although we have recently demonstrated the microglial response to DCS in vivo, we now provide a link between microglial integrity and neuronal activity for the expression of DCS\u2010dependent neuroplasticity. In addition, we extend the knowledge on the relevance of CX3CR1 signalling for motor learning and structural neuroplasticity. The underlying molecular mechanisms and the potential impact of DCS in rescuing CX3CR1 deficits remain to be addressed in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T23:54:08Z","timestamp":1701734048000},"page":"177-191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cx3cr1 deficiency interferes with learning\u2010 and direct current stimulation\u2010mediated neuroplasticity of the motor cortex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Anne\u2010Kathrin","family":"Gellner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical Center\u2013University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Physiology II, Medical Faculty University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd L.","family":"Fiebich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemistry and Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center\u2013University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brita","family":"Fritsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital Bonn  Bonn 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