{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:22:36Z","timestamp":1784258556030,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["950\u2010232211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950\u2010232211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000034","name":"Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDN 148473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN 148473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009408","name":"Fondation Brain Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009408","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a key node in the cortico\u2010limbic\u2010striatal circuitry that influences decision\u2010making guided by the relative value of outcomes. Midbrain dopamine from either the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has the potential to modulate OFC neurons; however, it is unknown at what concentrations these terminals release dopamine. Male and female adult dopamine transporter (DAT)\n                    <jats:sup>IRES\u2010Cre<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2013tdTomato mice were injected with AAV2\/8\u2010EF1a\u2010DIO\u2010eYFP into either the DRN or the VTA or the retrograde label cholera toxin B (CTB) 488 in the medial or lateral OFC. We quantified co\u2010expression of CTB 488 or enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) with tdTomato fluorescence in VTA or DRN and eYFP fibre density in the medial or lateral OFC. Both VTA and DRN dopamine neurons project to either the medial OFC or the lateral OFC, with greater expression of fibres in the medial OFC. Using fast\u2010scan cyclic voltammetry, we detected optogenetically evoked dopamine from channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)\u2010expressing VTA or DRN dopamine terminals in either the medial OFC or the lateral OFC. We assessed if optical stimulation of dopamine from the VTA or the DRN onto the medial OFC could alter layer V pyramidal neuronal firing; however, we did not observe a change in firing at stimulation parameters that evoked dopamine release from either projection even though bath application of dopamine with the monoamine transporter inhibitor, nomifensine, decreased firing. In summary, dopaminergic neurons from the VTA or the DRN project to the OFC and release submicromolar dopamine in the medial and lateral OFC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T22:06:46Z","timestamp":1703801206000},"page":"1460-1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characterization of dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area and the dorsal raphe nucleus to the orbital frontal cortex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Duncan J.","family":"Noble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Mohammadkhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Borgland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta 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