{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T01:41:23Z","timestamp":1788054083869,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["396169757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["396169757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non\u2010invasive brain stimulation technique which was found to have a positive modulatory effect on online sequence acquisition or offline motor consolidation, depending on the relative role of the associated brain region. Primary motor regions (M1) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC) have both been related to sequential learning. However, research so far did not systematically disentangle their differential roles in online and offline learning especially in more complex sequential paradigms. In this study, the influence of anodal M1 leg area\u2010tDCS and anodal DLPFC\u2010tDCS applied during complex sequential learning (online and offline) was investigated using a complex whole body serial reaction time task (CWB\u2010SRTT) in 42 healthy volunteers. TDCS groups did not differ from sham tDCS group regarding their response and reaction time (online) and also not in terms of overnight consolidation (offline). Sequence specific learning and the number of recalled items also did not differ between groups. Results may be related to unspecific parameters such as timing of the stimulation or current intensity but can also be attributed to the relative role of M1 and DLPFC during early complex learning. Taken together, the current study provides preliminary evidence that M1 leg area or DLPFC modulation by means of tDCS does not improve complex sequential skill learning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding motor learning is helpful to deepen our knowledge about the human ability to acquire new skills. Complex sequential learning tasks have only been studied, sparsely, but are particularly mimicking challenges of daily living. The present study studied early motor learning in a complex serial reaction time task while transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was either applied to leg primary motor cortex or bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. TDCS did not affect sequential learning, neither directly during performance nor in terms of sequence consolidation. Results provide preliminary information that M1 or bilateral DLPFC modulation does not improve early complex motor learning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T05:54:38Z","timestamp":1706162078000},"page":"2046-2058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Complex sequential learning is not facilitated by transcranial direct current stimulation over DLPFC or M1"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8975-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Science, Department of Movement Neuroscience University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Carius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Science, Department of Movement Neuroscience University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Knieke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Science, Department of Movement Neuroscience University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Mizuguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Organization of Science and Technology Ritsumeikan University  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ragert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Science, Department of Movement Neuroscience University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101335"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118239"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2003.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.05.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.01.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Neuroplasticity promoted by task complexity","volume":"33","author":"Carey J. 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