{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:43:50Z","timestamp":1772160230825,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHR1628\/1\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHR1628\/1\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Neuromodulation with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can transiently alter neural activity, but its spatial precision is low. High\u2010definition (HD) tDCS was introduced to increase spatial precision by placing additional electrodes over the scalp. Initial evaluations of HD tDCS indicated polarity\u2010specific neurophysiological effects\u2014similar to conventional tDCS albeit with greater spatial precision. Here, we compared the effects of cathodal tDCS or HD tDCS in a 4\u2009\u00d7\u20091 configuration over prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions on behavioural outcomes in a magnitude classification task. We report results on overall performance, on the numerical distance effect as a measure of numerical processing, and on the spatial\u2010numerical associations of response codes (SNARC) effect, which was previously affected by prefrontal tDCS. Healthy volunteers (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200968) received sham or cathodal HD tDCS at 1\u2009mA over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Results were compared to an identical protocol with conventional cathodal tDCS to the left PFC versus sham (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200964). Mixed effects models showed performance gains relative to sham tDCS in all conditions after tDCS (i.e. \u2018offline\u2019), whereas montages over PFC and DLPFC already showed performance gains during tDCS (i.e. \u2018online\u2019). In contrast to conventional tDCS, HD tDCS did not reduce the SNARC effect. Neither condition affected numerical processing, as expected. The results suggest that HD tDCS with cathodal polarity might require further adjustments (i.e. regarding tDCS intensity) for effective modulations of cognitive\u2010behavioural performance, which could be achieved by individualised current density in electric field modelling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T01:05:47Z","timestamp":1712106347000},"page":"2967-2978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High\u2010definition turns timing\u2010dependent: Different behavioural consequences during and following cathodal high\u2010definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD tDCS) in a magnitude classification task"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9941-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp A.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG)  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2010Christoph","family":"Nuerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG)  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Svaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health (DZPG)  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"R package version 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