{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:43:52Z","timestamp":1772160232780,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDN\u2010148407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN\u2010148407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Drug dependence is characterized by a switch in motivation wherein a positively reinforcing substance can become negatively reinforcing. Put differently, drug use can transform from a form of pleasure\u2010seeking to a form of relief\u2010seeking. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) GABA neurons form an anatomical point of divergence between two double dissociable pathways that have been shown to be functionally implicated and necessary for these respective motivations to seek drugs. The tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus (TPP) is necessary for opiate conditioned place preferences (CPP) in previously drug\u2010na\u00efve rats and mice, whereas dopaminergic (DA) transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is necessary for opiate CPP in opiate\u2010dependent and withdrawn (ODW) rats and mice. Here, we show that this switch in functional anatomy is contingent upon the gap junction\u2010forming protein, connexin\u201036 (Cx36), in VTA GABA neurons. Intra\u2010VTA infusions of the Cx36 blocker, mefloquine, in ODW rats resulted in a reversion to a drug\u2010na\u00efve\u2010like state wherein the TPP was necessary for opiate CPP and where opiate withdrawal aversions were lost. Consistent with these data, conditional knockout mice lacking Cx36 in GABA neurons (\n                    <jats:italic>GAD65\u2010Cre;Cx36<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>fl(CFP)\/fl(CFP)<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    ) exhibited a perpetual drug\u2010na\u00efve\u2010like state wherein opiate CPP was always DA independent, and opiate withdrawal aversions were absent even in mice subjected to an opiate dependence and withdrawal induction protocol. Further, viral\u2010mediated rescue of Cx36 in VTA GABA neurons was sufficient to restore their susceptibility to an ODW state wherein opiate CPP was DA dependent. Our findings reveal a functional role for VTA gap junctions that has eluded prevailing circuit models of addiction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T18:54:20Z","timestamp":1714330460000},"page":"3422-3444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Connexin\u201036\u2010positive gap junctions in ventral tegmental area GABA neurons sustain opiate dependence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Geith","family":"Maal\u2010Bared","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mandy","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario 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