{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:35:38Z","timestamp":1791236138567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Peak alpha frequency (PAF), the dominant oscillatory frequency within the alpha range (8\u201312\u2009Hz), is associated with cognitive function and several neurological conditions, including chronic pain. Manipulating PAF could offer valuable insight into the relationship between PAF and various functions and conditions, potentially providing new treatment avenues. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively synthesise effects of non\u2010invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) on PAF speed. Relevant studies assessing PAF pre\u2010 and post\u2010NIBS in healthy adults were identified through systematic searches of electronic databases (Embase, PubMed, PsychINFO, Scopus, The Cochrane Library) and trial registers. The Cochrane risk\u2010of\u2010bias tool was employed for assessing study quality. Quantitative analysis was conducted through pairwise meta\u2010analysis when possible; otherwise, qualitative synthesis was performed. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020190512) and the Open Science Framework (\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/2yaxz\/\">https:\/\/osf.io\/2yaxz\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ). Eleven NIBS studies were included, all with a low risk\u2010of\u2010bias, comprising seven transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), three repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and one transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) study. Meta\u2010analysis of active tACS conditions (eight conditions from five studies) revealed no significant effects on PAF (mean difference [MD]\u2009=\u2009\u22120.12, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.32 to 0.08,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.24). Qualitative synthesis provided no evidence that tDCS altered PAF and moderate evidence for transient increases in PAF with 10\u00a0Hz rTMS. However, it is crucial to note that small sample sizes were used, there was substantial variation in stimulation protocols, and most studies did not specifically target PAF alteration. Further studies are needed to determine NIBS's potential for modulating PAF.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T04:38:12Z","timestamp":1716439092000},"page":"4182-4200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Can non\u2010invasive brain stimulation modulate peak alpha frequency in the human brain? 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