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How this variation translates into behavioural differences in natural settings, however, is poorly understood. Here, we tested in great tits whether variation in the free\u2010running period length (\n                    <jats:italic>tau<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) under constant dim light (LL) was linked to the phase angle of the entrained rhythm (\u201cchronotype\u201d) in captivity and in the wild, as recently indicated in our study species. We also assessed links between\n                    <jats:italic>tau<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the timing of first activity onset and offset under LL relative to the last experienced light\u2013dark (LD) cycle. We kept 66 great tits, caught in two winters, in LL for 14\u2009days and subsequently released them with a radio transmitter back to the wild, where their activity and body temperature rhythms were tracked for 1 to 22\u2009days. For a subset of birds, chronotype was also recorded in the lab before release. Neither wild nor lab chronotypes were related to\n                    <jats:italic>tau<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We also found no correlation between lab and wild chronotypes. However, the first onset in LL had a positive relationship with\n                    <jats:italic>tau<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but only in males. Our results demonstrate that links between\n                    <jats:italic>tau<\/jats:italic>\n                    and phase of entrainment, postulated on theoretical grounds, may not consistently hold under natural conditions, possibly due to strong masking. This calls for more holistic research on how the many components of the circadian system interact with the environment to shape timing in the wild.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Wild birds showed chronotypes in the field that were unlinked to their circadian period length tau measured in captivity. In males only, the first onset of activity after exposure to constant dim light did correlate with\n                    <jats:italic>tau<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our study emphasises the need to investigate clocks in the real world, including a need to better understand masking.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T23:43:59Z","timestamp":1726011839000},"page":"5522-5536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Circadian clock period length is not consistently linked to chronotype in a wild songbird"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8855-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara M.","family":"Tomotani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO\u2010KNAW)  Wageningen AB The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT The Arctic University of Norway  Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6464-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelia F. 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