{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:38:29Z","timestamp":1785245909047,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]],"date-time":"2024-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Inconsistent results are observed in the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with different montages on motor learning. This study aimed to compare the effects of anodal and cathodal tDCS (c\u2010tDCS) over primary motor cortex (M1) at different intensities on motor learning in healthy young adults. The participants were randomly divided into: (1) 1\u00a0mA M1 c\u2010tDCS, (2) 1\u00a0mA M1 anodal tDCS (a\u2010tDCS), (3) 2\u00a0mA M1 c\u2010tDCS, (4) 2\u00a0mA M1 a\u2010tDCS and (5) M1 sham tDCS groups. The groups received 20\u2010min stimulation with serial reaction time task (SRTT) incidentally, while the tDCS was turned off after 30\u2009s in the sham tDCS group. Response time (RT) and error rate (ER) during SRTT were assessed prior, during and 72\u2009h after the intervention. The results of the paired\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010test indicated that online learning occurred in all groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u20090.05), except in M1 c\u2010tDCS (1\u00a0mA) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&gt;\u20090.05). One\u2010way ANOVA analysis also indicated that there were differences in offline learning (RT (F(DF)\u2009=\u00a05.19(4);\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001; and ER (F(DF)\u2009=\u00a09(4),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u20090.0001) among groups, with more offline learning in 1\u00a0mA M1 a\u2010tDCS, 2\u00a0mA M1 c\u2010tDCS and 2\u00a0mA M1 a\u2010tDCS groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u20090.05). On the other hand, the 1\u00a0mA M1 c\u2010tDCS group did not indicate any consolidation effect or even a trend toward negative offline learning. M1 a\u2010tDCS with different intensities and also 2\u00a0mA M1 c\u2010tDCS may be helpful for the enhancement of motor learning in young healthy adults. This study enhances our understanding of tDCS intensity and polarity effects on motor learning, with potential for optimizing therapeutic protocols.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T02:54:08Z","timestamp":1729479248000},"page":"6543-6555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparing the effects of anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation of primary motor cortex at varying intensities on motor learning in healthy young adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Sheida","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Semnan University of Medical Sciences  Semnan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Mottahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Semnan University of Medical Sciences  Semnan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7528-973X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ehsani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center Semnan University of Medical Sciences  Semnan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrus Taghizadeh","family":"Delkhosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center Semnan University of Medical Sciences  Semnan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shapour","family":"Jaberzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non\u2010invasive Brain Stimulation &amp; Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","article-title":"Cortical network mechanisms of anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in awake primates","author":"Bogaard A. R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5317405"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2019.107062"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.87"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-022-06381-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108463"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanning N.M. Fern\u00e1ndez A.&Carrasco M.(2023)Dissociable roles of human frontal eye fields and early visual cortex in presaccadic attention \u2010 evidence from TMS.bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.23.529691"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2022.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-019-01040-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24901"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-019-01029-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.10.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leow L.\u2010A. Jiang J. Bowers S. Zhang Y. Dux P.&Filmer H.(2023)Intensity\u2010dependent effects of tDCS on motor learning are related to dopamine.bioRxiv 2023.2010. 2005.561136.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.10.05.561136"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf238"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04359-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.136211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04676.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321662994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2020.1792823"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1021375"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805413106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2020.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05477-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06937.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12884"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32598\/bcn.9.10.350"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2020.107297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.648354"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ejn.16572","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T03:21:50Z","timestamp":1731640910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ejn.16572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ejn.16572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.16572","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.16572\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.16572\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.16572\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.16572\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.16572\/v2\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.16572\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.16572\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.16572\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.16572\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.16572\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.16572\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0953-816X","1460-9568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-816X","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-9568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}