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While anxiety is more prevalent in women than men, gender differences in interoception\u2010anxiety associations are often overlooked. Here, we examined gender\u2010specific relationships between anxiety and interoception in the breathing domain, utilising multicentre data pooled from four study sites (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009175; 51% women). State anxiety scores were quantified via the Spielberger State\u2013Trait Anxiety Inventory, and breathing\u2010related interoceptive dimensions via an inspiratory load task to quantify sensitivity, decision bias, metacognitive bias (confidence in interoceptive decisions), and metacognitive insight (congruency between performance and confidence). Regression analyses revealed a significant negative relationship between state anxiety and metacognitive bias (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.28;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01) and insight (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.09; 95% highest density interval [HDI] in a hierarchical Bayesian regression\u2009=\u2009[\u22120.18, \u22120.004]) across the whole sample, while state anxiety did not relate to interoceptive sensitivity nor decision bias. While no mean interoceptive effects relating to gender were observed, the relationship between anxiety and metacognitive insight towards breathing was driven by women (women: \u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.18; HDI\u2009=\u2009[\u22120.31, \u22120.05]; men: \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.02; HDI\u2009=\u2009[\u22120.12, 0.15]) with a significant interaction effect (\u03b2 difference\u2009=\u2009\u22120.20; HDI\u2009=\u2009[\u22120.37, \u22120.01]), which did not hold for trait anxiety nor depression measures. In summary, state anxiety was associated with decreased metacognitive bias across all participants, while decreased interoceptive insight was only associated with anxiety in women but not men. Therefore, treatment programmes focusing on interoceptive metacognitive bias may be useful for all anxiety patients, while interoceptive insight might represent a specific treatment target for women with anxiety.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T10:19:06Z","timestamp":1736763546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gender Differences in the Association Between Anxiety and Interoceptive Insight"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0897-7142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia\u00a0K.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Translational Neuromodeling Unit University of Zurich and ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"K\u00f6chli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuromodeling Unit University of Zurich and ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6559-9072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuromodeling Unit University of Zurich and ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Marlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah\u00a0L.","family":"Finnegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Ainsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bath  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin\u00a0J.","family":"Talks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle University  Newcastle Upon Tyne UK"},{"name":"Birmingham Medical School Birmingham Medical Research Expeditionary Society  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce\u00a0R.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel\u00a0J.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of 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