{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T06:18:08Z","timestamp":1790057888683,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic migraine (CM) is a severe and debilitating neurological disorder with an unclear pathophysiology. Galectin\u20101, a \u03b2\u2010galactoside\u2010binding protein, is known for its anti\u2010inflammatory and immune\u2010regulatory effects in various inflammation\u2010related diseases. However, its role in CM has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we analysed data from CM patients and employed a nitroglycerin\u2010induced CM mouse model to explore the potential role of galectin\u20101. Serum galectin\u20101 levels were significantly lower in CM patients compared with healthy controls. Additionally, galectin\u20101 levels were negatively correlated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Headache Impact Test (HIT\u20106) scores. CM patients also exhibited elevated levels of IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 and reduced levels of IL\u201010. Notably, galectin\u20101 levels were inversely correlated with IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 and positively correlated with IL\u201010. In the CM mouse model, galectin\u20101 expression was significantly reduced in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) region. Supplementation with galectin\u20101 significantly increased paw and periorbital mechanical thresholds and reduced light aversion and anxiety\u2010like behaviours. Moreover, galectin\u20101 enhanced microglial morphology, promoted M2 polarization, reduced the expression of pro\u2010inflammatory factors IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 and increased levels of the anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine IL\u201010. Mechanistically, the effects of galectin\u20101 on microglia may involve the activation of the PI3K\/AKT signalling pathway, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. In summary, our study demonstrates that galectin\u20101 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic migraine. Exogenous supplementation of galectin\u20101 effectively alleviates migraine symptoms and promotes microglial M2 polarization, suggesting that galectin\u20101 may represent a novel therapeutic target for CM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T17:12:07Z","timestamp":1739207527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Galectin\u20101 Regulates Inflammatory Responses and Promotes Microglial M2 Polarization in Chronic Migraine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Zhenjiang Ruikang Hospital  Zhenjiang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University  Yixing Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8189-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University  Yixing Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Department of Neuroimaging Laboratory, School of Medicine Jiangsu University  Zhenjiang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.184455"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy313"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417720213"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00328-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1305933"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1459-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067670","article-title":"Management of Chronic Migraine","volume":"379","author":"Hovaguimian A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2023.137397"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00198"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115653"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-020-00387-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02518-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01750-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102160"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01739-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3493-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4338"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02422-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3421","article-title":"Serum Galectin\u20101, Galectin\u20109, and YKL\u201040 Levels in Bipolar Disorder and Their Relationship With Cognitive Functions","volume":"14","author":"Selahaddin E.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01707-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01828-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701172"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09621"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.104104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02342-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14742"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113946"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00941-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076501"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04034-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15657"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ejn.70010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T21:31:03Z","timestamp":1741728663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ejn.70010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ejn.70010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.70010","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70010\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70010\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70010\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70010\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70010\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70010\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70010\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0953-816X","1460-9568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-816X","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-9568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70010"}}