{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:44:00Z","timestamp":1772160240072,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I 3778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I 3778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Parkinson's disease (PD) occurs less frequently in cigarette smokers than in nonsmokers. Assuming that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are periodically active by activation through endogenous acetylcholine, we tested whether they act against the effect of \u03b1\u2010synuclein, a protein relevant in PD. Transgenic mice with a human \u03b1\u2010synuclein containing two mutations that cause familial PD were crossed with mice lacking the nicotinic \u03b17\u2010acetylcholine receptor. Vertical movements determined at 7 and 16\u2009months and nonambulatory movements at 16\u2009months of age were significantly lower in mice with \u03b17\u2010acetylcholine receptor knockout if they express the mutated \u03b1\u2010synuclein but not in mice with \u03b1\u2010synuclein wild type. Striatal noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine levels did not differ between the four groups of mice at 21\u2009months; however, striatal dopamine turnover was significantly higher in mice without than with \u03b17\u2010acetylcholine receptor. Stereological counts of nigral cells positive for tyrosine hydroxylase in the left and right hemisphere at 21\u2009months revealed that asymmetry was also significantly higher in mice without than with \u03b17\u2010acetylcholine receptor. In conclusion, up to the age of 16\u2009months, there was no obvious PD behaviour; however, absence of the \u03b17\u2010acetylcholine receptor generally reduced several features of motor behaviour and showed a statistically significant interaction between \u03b17\u2010acetylcholine receptor and mutated \u03b1\u2010synuclein. The asymmetry of nigral cell counts and the increased striatal dopamine turnover suggest a stressed nigrostriatal system in mice without \u03b17\u2010acetylcholine receptor and that the neuroprotective effect of smoking might at least partly be mediated by the nicotine in the cigarettes acting via \u03b17\u2010acetylcholine receptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T22:27:45Z","timestamp":1742855265000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u03b17\u2010Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and Mutated \u03b1\u2010Synuclein Interact in Motor Behaviour and Nigrostriatal Dopamine\u2014Findings With Potential Relevance for a Protective Effect of Cigarette Smoking and Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Pifl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Elevado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4984-6034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Scholze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20108993(94)91678\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.35.7.949"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161\u2010813X(03)00107\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531\u2010018\u20100063\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d55f38"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001167"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028\u20103908(03)00041\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(06)70549\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD\u2010212851"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01276562"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy230"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.1.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10277"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014\u20102999(86)90517\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14897"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20104159.2006.04440.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.606927"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(14)61393\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006\u20108993(97)00556\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000958"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161\u2010813x(01)00063\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.1.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"The Pathophysiology of Tardive Dyskinesia","volume":"46","author":"Klawans H. 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