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Orienting has been associated with attentional immobility and heightened \u2018stimulus intake\u2019, while defence is linked to action preparation and \u2018sensory rejection\u2019. First, we replicated previous findings showing that humans exhibit either heart rate (HR) acceleration or deceleration in response to the same threat\u2010related picture content. Second, we provide direct evidence that orienting, as indexed by increased HR deceleration, leads to enhanced visuocortical processing of threat\u2010related images, as measured by steady\u2010state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs). Excitation of motor\u2010relevant cortical circuits, assessed by beta\u2010band desynchronization, was reduced in relation to HR deceleration. Conversely, HR acceleration was associated with a reversed pattern: reduced visual processing and increased excitation of cortical motor circuits, as reflected in ssVEP and beta\u2010band modulations. While self\u2010reported measures of state and trait anxiety, along with valence, arousal and dominance ratings, did not account for variations in HR response patterns, shorter self\u2010paced viewing time of looming threat pictures was linked to defensive HR changes, whereas orienting\u2010like HR responses were associated with longer avoidance latencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T06:45:33Z","timestamp":1750401933000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["How Orienting and Defence Drives Oscillatory Responses in Human Visual and Motor Cortical Circuits During Viewing of Threat Pictures: Evidence From ssVEPs and Beta\u2010Band Desynchronization"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Carlota\u00a0Gil","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology Complutense University of Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia\u00a0Molina","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology Complutense University of Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam\u00a0D\u00edaz","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology Complutense University of Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio\u00a0Felipe\u00a0Calvo","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology Complutense University of Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel\u00a0S\u00e1nchez","family":"del Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology Complutense University of Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara\u00a0Pamp\u00edn","family":"del R\u00edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology Complutense University of Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0824-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Moratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology Complutense University of Madrid  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience C3N Complutense University of Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.133.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010024\u201002600\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"Ben R. 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