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Twenty\u2010seven patients with Parkinson's disease (females\u2009=\u200914 [age\u2009=\u200971.1\u2009\u00b1\u20096.8], males\u2009=\u200913 [age\u2009=\u200969.2\u2009\u00b1\u200910.3], Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III score; females\u2009=\u200910.8\u2009\u00b1\u20094.8, males\u2009=\u200911.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4) performed a contraction at 30% of the maximal voluntary contraction. For each participant, motor unit spike trains were decomposed from high\u2010density surface electromyography data recorded from bilateral vastus lateralis muscles via blind source separation algorithms. In addition to the mean discharge rates, persistent inward currents were estimated via a paired motor unit analysis. Females presented significantly greater laterality of discharge rate (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001) and persistent inward currents (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0121) than males. A significant correlation was observed between the discharge rate and the recruitment threshold on the bilateral side of males and the less\u2010affected side of females but not on the more\u2010affected side of females. These findings indicate that sex differences in motor unit behavior exist in Parkinson's disease patients. Motor unit behavior may be a sensitive and quantitative evaluation tool to highlight differences in disease presentation between males and females.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T01:10:13Z","timestamp":1751937013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex Differences in Motor Unit Behavior in Patients With Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0088-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science &amp; Engineering Kanazawa University  Kanazawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences Chukyo University  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Holobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Maribor  Maribor Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology MNES Inc.  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Hyngstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Marquette University  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00194.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.9.1358"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9047-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac4594"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.4.1955"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0956-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181a9ed9b"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191683"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/787451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004764"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(94)90064-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01018.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014293"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2020.102426"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.8.1061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00938.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.70.6.2470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12796"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/74.1.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.103788"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282063"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab5eda"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858408314986"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.126.3287.1345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.10.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/1\/016008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02350989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135583"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00043.2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2014.00081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.02.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.2.583"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-021-00781-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Human Aging, Muscle Mass, and Fiber Type Composition","volume":"50","author":"Lexell J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology. 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