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Within MS lesions, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) differentiate into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes and mediate repair. A further understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for OPC differentiation will undoubtedly influence the direction of future treatments in MS. In MS lesions, several distinct microRNAs have been previously demonstrated to influence both inflammatory and repair mechanisms, including OPC differentiation and survival. Specifically, miR\u2010146b\u20105p is an anti\u2010inflammatory microRNA that is upregulated in white matter astrocytes within active MS lesions. Our results demonstrate that increasing miR\u2010146b\u20105p levels within pure primary human and murine astrocytes significantly decreases IL\u20106 and CXCL10 production upon IL\u20101\u03b2 stimulation, an effect not observed in mixed glial cultures containing microglia. In addition, the inhibitory effects of IL\u20101\u03b2 on OPC differentiation and complexity were reversed when miR\u2010146b\u20105p levels were increased in astrocytes; no differences were observed in the presence of microglia. In astrocytes, the increase in miR\u2010146b\u20105p levels led to a significant reduction in\n                    <jats:italic>traf6<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>irak1<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression, which are two critical signaling molecules known to enhance the pro\u2010inflammatory activity of astrocytes. Together, these results suggest that miR\u2010146b\u20105p is an MS\u2010relevant microRNA that regulates astrocyte function in a manner that fosters OPC growth and morphological complexity. Furthermore, our results further demonstrate the need to consider the complex glial\u2013glial interactions occurring within MS lesions and its overall influence on cellular and molecular mechanisms related to CNS injury and repair.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T07:31:07Z","timestamp":1757057467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["MiR\u2010146b\u20105p Decreases Cytokine Release From Astrocytes and Preserves Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Complexity During Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Cassandra\u00a0E.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Memorial University of Newfoundland  St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador 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