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One such approach is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which also shows promise as a method to enhance motor performance and neuroplasticity. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the current evidence on the synergistic effects of MIT combined with tDCS, with a specific focus on behavioral outcomes. Heterogeneous methods across 16 studies with 432 participants in total, including both healthy and clinical populations, yielded mixed results. Nonetheless, the potential of anodal tDCS applied over the primary motor cortex to augment the beneficial effects of MIT for motor performance in healthy participants is suggested by the current literature. The benefits of combining tDCS with MIT in brain\u2010computer interface (BCI) protocols with stroke patients were less clear, which may relate to population differences, timing of stimulation, or the similarity between outcome measures and trained tasks. Overall, small samples and heterogeneous methods limit interpretation of the findings of combined intervention studies, and further research should aim to measure both behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes in larger samples as well as examining longer\u2010term synergistic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:19:33Z","timestamp":1761707973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Augment Motor Imagery Training: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3926-1788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Bek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology &amp; Physical Education University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuala","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-76136-3_36","volume-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Clinical Principles and Management","author":"Alonzo A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10110864"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104650"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2326263X.2024.2372863"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1759703"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000397"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00948"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15540"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067344"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000398","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Can Enhance Ability in Motor Imagery Tasks","volume":"26","author":"Date S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.794784"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2019.107062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/NEUROSCIENCE.2018.4.236"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3068929"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.977"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197771331","article-title":"A Method for Evaluation of Physical Performance","volume":"7","author":"Fugl\u2010Meyer A. 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