{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T06:35:13Z","timestamp":1772260513289,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Migraine, a common neurological disorder affecting about 15% of the global population, severely impacts quality of life and poses a significant economic burden. While the exact causes of migraine remain unclear, factors like oxidative stress, neurogenic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and gut dysbiosis are implicated. Through the gut\u2013brain axis, the gut microbiota appears to play a key role in migraine pathophysiology. Patients with migraine often exhibit gastrointestinal comorbidities, and experimental studies indicate that dysbiosis can worsen migraine\u2010like pain by amplifying inflammation and disrupting gut barrier integrity. This narrative review aims to assess the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on migraine attack frequency and severity, focusing on their role in modulating gut microbiota. Evidence suggests probiotics may reduce migraine frequency and severity by enhancing gut barrier function and regulating inflammation. Prebiotics, through the improvement of gut eubiosis, may also help alleviate symptoms. However, the effects of probiotics are strain and dose dependent, leading to inconsistent findings. Studies on prebiotics and synbiotics are limited but indicate potential benefits in reducing migraine symptoms. Despite promising findings, the current literature presents mixed results regarding the effectiveness of probiotics on migraine, highlighting the importance of strain specificity and dosage. The limited number of studies on prebiotics and synbiotics, along with the variability in study designs, strains, dosages, and patient populations, complicates the ability to draw definitive conclusions. Further well\u2010designed clinical trials are needed to elucidate the role of gut microbiota interventions in migraine management and to determine the optimal conditions for their therapeutic use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T13:43:22Z","timestamp":1765460602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Gut Microbiota in Migraine: Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Their Combinations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1733-1944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilek","family":"Sivri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Health Science Anadolu University  Eski\u015fehir T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7956-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilal","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Health Science Gazi University  Ankara T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02966-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","article-title":"Correlation of Sensitization to Food Allergens in Iranian Patients With Migraine and Tension Headaches","volume":"12","author":"Arani M. H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32160-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.70033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2022.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2021.1963065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582\u2010021\u201000516\u20106"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"The Effect of Probiotics on Headaches in Children With Migraine Treated With Sodium Valproate: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"17","author":"Bidabadi E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Child Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13275"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0956-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00470"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204327"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Therapeutic Novelties in Migraine: New Drugs, New Hope?","volume":"20","author":"Do T. P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Headache and Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-0988-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01619-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103566"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S282565"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142222"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55120786"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105668"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-025-02779-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109738"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2022.2045291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11082083"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/481651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-024-00584-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103434"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek202209207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1123657"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102017\u2010020498"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418820102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-025-02039-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091441"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1764292"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026581"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2020.0058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000201699"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint15030073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15006-018-1052-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035\u2010019\u201001721\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-023-00275-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106422"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420974362"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7890461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1547371"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.902600"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27586-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","first-page":"E251","article-title":"Potential Beneficial Effects of Probiotics on Human Migraine Headache: A Literature Review","volume":"20","author":"Yu\u2010Jie D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-025-01408-8"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ejn.70316","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T06:26:01Z","timestamp":1766730361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ejn.70316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ejn.70316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.70316","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70316\/v1\/review4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70316\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70316\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70316\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70316\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70316\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EJN.70316\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0953-816X","1460-9568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-816X","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-9568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70316"}}