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The BBB is primarily composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), which are closely linked by tight junction (TJ) proteins, including occludin, claudins and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs). However, certain bacterial infections, such as those caused by\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), have developed strategies to compromise these TJs, facilitating their invasion of the CNS and resulting in meningitis. These bacteria utilise several virulence factors, including outer membrane proteins, pili and toxins, to modify host cell signalling pathways, compromise the BBB and facilitate their translocation across barriers. This study aims to clarify the molecular processes employed by these pathogens to penetrate the BBB, with an emphasis on their effects on TJ integrity. A comprehension of these mechanisms is essential for formulating effective medicines to prevent and cure bacterial meningitis by safeguarding or restoring BBB integrity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T05:47:31Z","timestamp":1764481651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tight Junction Proteins and Bacterial Pathogens Impacting the Brain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5950-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazen\u00a0M.\u00a0Jamil","family":"Al\u2010Obaidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rustaq College of Education, Science Department (Biology Unit) University of Technology and Applied Sciences  Rustaq City Sultanate of 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