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While levodopa and DBS effects on the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are well studied, how exercise modulates this circuitry is less clear. This study investigates the acute and long\u2010term effects of a monthlong motorized cycling intervention on STN activity, using local field potential (LFP) recordings from 29 electrodes placed in 18 STNs across nine PD patients (8\/1\u2009M\/F; age 66.4\u2009\u00b1\u20099.7\u2009years, UPDRS 20.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.56). While the acute changes were minimal, the long\u2010term changes in LFP features were more pronounced in the dorsal STN compared with its ventral region. Repeated exercise sessions produced a progressive increase in total LFP power in the dorsal STN, driven by elevations in the aperiodic background; the ventral STN showed no significant change over the same interval. This aperiodic modulation parallels increases typically observed with levodopa or STN\u2010DBS, suggesting engagement of overlapping\u2014but not identical\u2014neuromodulatory mechanisms. To probe intra\u2010STN coupling, we quantified dorsal\u2013ventral interactions using the imaginary part of coherency (iCOH) and the phase slope index (PSI). PSI values remained near zero (|PSI|\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), indicating minimal directed coupling, whereas iCOH increased in the 24\u201329\u2010Hz range. Given the absence of connection and nonzero iCOH, we posited a shared upstream driver acting on both subregions. Using a statistical SSTr framework mathematically able to confirm the presence of this upstream \u201chidden\u201d source.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T05:29:26Z","timestamp":1768886966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise\u2010Induced Modulation of Subthalamic Activity and Intra\u2010Nuclear Connectivity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Prajakta","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Shigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology Kent State University  Kent Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology Kent State University  Kent Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla\u00a0W.","family":"Kilbane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Neurological Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aratrik","family":"Guha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manya","family":"Raina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Neurological Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit\u00a0K.","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISSACS: Institute for Smart, Secure and Connected Systems Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth\u00a0A.","family":"Loparo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISSACS: Institute for Smart, Secure and Connected Systems Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela\u00a0L.","family":"Ridgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology Kent State University  Kent Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4781-7176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aasef\u00a0G.","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Neurological Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Daroff\u2010Dell'Osso Ocular Motor Laboratory Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.712"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2023.1.20220105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7524066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000496107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1969.11705744"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Criscuolo A. 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