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Yet, their maturation during the preschool stage remains poorly characterized. We determined the typical elicitation of ERPs and MMRs to speech sounds at preschool age (4\u20135\u2009years), their maturation from early childhood (28\u2009months) to preschool age, and the impact of dyslexia risk on them. To this end, we recorded obligatory ERPs to a repeating pseudoword and MMRs to five deviances at 4\u20135\u2009years and compared them with a previously reported follow\u2010up at 28\u2009months, in subgroups with versus without dyslexia risk in a large sample (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009~\u2009150). In the full sample, including both control and at\u2010risk children, the 4\u2010 to 5\u2010year obligatory ERPs showed a P1\u2013N2 pattern, while the MMRs included a mismatch negativity (MMN) followed by a late discriminative negativity (LDN). From 28\u2009months to 4\u20135\u2009years, P1 amplitude increased and latency decreased, whereas the N2 amplitude increased. MMN and LDN amplitudes increased and LDN latency decreased with age, whereas a positive MMR reported at 28\u2009months was no longer evident at 4\u20135\u2009years. Crucially, at\u2010risk children exhibited reduced MMN amplitudes at 4\u20135\u2009years across deviants, suggesting deficient speech discrimination. Changes from 28\u2009months to 4\u20135\u2009years were similar in both subgroups. These findings establish a solid description of typical\/atypical neural speech\u2010sound processing during preschool years, serving as a reference for future studies including interventions or clinical groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T15:59:30Z","timestamp":1772985570000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effects of Maturation and Dyslexia Risk on Neural Speech\u2010Sound Encoding and Discrimination at Preschool Stage"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4086-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Navarrete\u2010Arroyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Faculty of Educational Sciences University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peixin","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Virtala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, 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