{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:30:14Z","timestamp":1777984214226,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019736","name":"Farmer Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 NS015655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 NS015655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 NS091856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 NS091856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 NS123067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 NS123067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG073100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG073100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 NS070856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 NS070856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 RX003397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 RX003397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Freezing of gait (FoG) and falls are among the most disabling symptoms in late\u2010stage Parkinson's disease (PD). While right\u2010lateralised thalamic cholinergic denervation has been linked to FoG and gait impairment, it is unclear whether similar asymmetry exists within the cortically\u2010projecting cholinergic basal forebrain (cBF), particularly the nucleus basalis of Meynert (Ch4).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this cross\u2010sectional study, we assessed structural MRI in 136 nondemented people with PD, stratified into three groups: FoG (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200918), fallers without FoG (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200931) and nonfallers without FoG (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200987). Subregional cBF volumes were quantified using volumetry, normalised by total intracranial volume and compared across groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Mixed ANOVAs revealed significantly reduced Ch4 and Ch4p volumes in the FoG group compared to both other groups, with right\u2010lateralised Ch4p atrophy observed specifically in FoG. After adjusting for disease severity, sex, levodopa equivalent dose (LEDD), and most affected side, the FoG group continued to show significantly reduced volumes in only the right Ch4p. A mediation model indicated that global cognitive performance (MoCA) did not significantly mediate the association between Ch4p volume and FoG status, suggesting that Ch4p degeneration may contribute to FoG through mechanisms not captured by global cognition alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, the findings support a right\u2010hemisphere cholinergic vulnerability in FoG, implicating Ch4p degeneration in networks relevant to both gait regulation and attentional\u2013visuospatial function. Future longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether this lateralised structural vulnerability predicts progression to FoG or cognitive decline in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T05:33:58Z","timestamp":1774244038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Asymmetric Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Atrophy Marks Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9492-1294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chesney\u00a0E.","family":"Craig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prabesh","family":"Kanel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola\u00a0J.","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolaas\u00a0I.","family":"Bohnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Neurology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Neurology Service and GRECC Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006576"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a9f558"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25430"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c1ded6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.930810"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010neuro\u2010061010\u2010113731"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.1.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182477ec0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt172"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11556\u2010011\u20100078\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51769"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression\u2010Based Approach","author":"Hayes A. 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