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Evidence comes from the oddball paradigm, in which frequent (standard) sounds are occasionally replaced with a rare (deviant) sound. Deviants relative to standards typically elicit signs of prediction error (e.g., MMN and P3a). It is, however, less clear whether deviants, which also bear predictive information but are encountered less often than standards, might inform auditory prediction. To investigate this, na\u00efve participants listened to sound sequences constructed according to a new, modified version of the oddball paradigm: two kinds of deviants differing in their probability of repetition yield the sound actually following a deviant either conditionally likely or unlikely. As this sound is either the same deviant (repetition) or a standard (no repetition), it is either unlikely or likely with respect to the global stimulus probability at the same time. In an active deviant detection task, we replicated previous behavioural findings, demonstrating that predictive information carried by deviants (conditional probability) is extracted when behaviourally relevant. Our analyses further reveal that respective response time effects increase over the course of the task. However, in a passive listening setting, both MMN and P3a were confined to violations of rules based on global probability, while not being sensitive to conditional probability. Though some sensitivity to conditional probability had been observed in a previous study, these effects were tiny compared to those of global probability. Thus, the auditory system seems to mainly rely on rules that are encountered frequently (standard regularity), at least during passive listening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:22:22Z","timestamp":1776748942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Not All Rules Are Equal: Rare Conditional Rules Shape Behaviour but Yield to Global Probability in Passive Listening"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4037-8502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Coy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Systems Lab, Institute of Physics Chemnitz University of Technology  Chemnitz Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck School of Cognition  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Wilhelm\u2010Wundt Institute for Psychology Leipzig University  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8211-9619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Bendixen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Systems Lab, Institute of Physics Chemnitz University of Technology  Chemnitz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3317-826X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"L\u00f6hr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Systems Lab, Institute of Physics Chemnitz University of Technology  Chemnitz Germany"},{"name":"Wilhelm\u2010Wundt Institute for Psychology Leipzig University  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9071-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics of Cognition Lab, Institute of Physics Chemnitz University of Technology  Chemnitz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8321-6629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erich","family":"Schr\u00f6ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck School of Cognition  Leipzig Germany"},{"name":"Wilhelm\u2010Wundt Institute for Psychology Leipzig University  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6631-5828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urte","family":"Roeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilhelm\u2010Wundt Institute for Psychology Leipzig University  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508523113"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.10.1664"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2008.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1618\u20103169.51.4.249"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2015.00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00029238.1985.11080163"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25742442.2022.2094657"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14545"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.2004.00193.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","unstructured":"Eaton J. 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