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However, during transcription, RNA hybridizes with the template DNA, whereas the complementary DNA strand becomes displaced and remains unpaired. This process forms a DNA\u2013RNA hybrid structure known as an R\u2010loop; similar structures can also occur in a non\u2010co\u2010transcriptional manner. In recent years, R\u2010loops have been reported to be involved in various cellular functions. However, when not properly regulated, they can compromise genomic DNA stability. R\u2010loops play roles in gene expression, DNA replication, and transcription termination. Dysregulation of R\u2010loop homeostasis has been implicated in various human diseases, including neurological diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiological and pathological roles of R\u2010loops, their related regulatory mechanisms controlling their formation and resolution, and their association with neurological diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:32:01Z","timestamp":1777005121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When R\u2010Loops Go Awry: Genome Instability and Neurological Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Nur\u00a0Rasyiqin","family":"Rasli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy Shiga University of Medical Science  Otsu Shiga 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