{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T02:18:27Z","timestamp":1779416307892,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAKENHI 23K27945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKENHI 23K27945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSPS KAKENHI 23K27945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSPS KAKENHI 23K27945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The cerebellum is critical for sensorimotor performance, and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising modulatory tool. To address the unclear frequency\u2010specific effects of tACS on the cerebro\u2013cerebellar network and sensorimotor performance, this study investigated how low\u2010 and high\u2010frequency stimulation differentially modulate effective connectivity and sensorimotor performance. In this single\u2010blind, sham\u2010controlled, within\u2010participant study, we first used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\u2010based computational modeling to determine the optimal current intensity for a fixed F6\u2010O2 cerebellar montage for each of the 22 participants. Then, participants completed three experimental sessions, receiving 20\u2009min of 10\u2009Hz, 70\u2009Hz, or sham tACS at this optimized intensity. We assessed the after\u2010effects on cerebro\u2013cerebellar effective connectivity based on electroencephalogram (EEG) and performance on a sensorimotor performance task. The computational modeling indicated that a 2.0\u2010mA current was optimal for the F6\u2010O2 montage to target the cerebellum. The subsequent human experiments revealed opposing, frequency\u2010specific effects on connectivity: 10\u2010Hz stimulation broadly induced increases (Cohen's\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.19 to 0.33), whereas 70\u2010Hz stimulation predominantly induced decreases (Cohen's\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.10 to \u22120.29). Despite these opposite neural effects, both frequencies similarly improved sensorimotor performance by reducing errors compared to sham (Cohen's\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.16 to \u22120.26). Our findings demonstrate that while low\u2010 and high\u2010frequency cerebellar tACS exert opposite effects on network connectivity, both can similarly enhance sensorimotor performance. This suggests that distinct neural pathways can be engaged to support improvements in motor learning.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:57:15Z","timestamp":1778666235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frequency\u2010Dependent Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on Cerebro\u2013Cerebellar Connectivity and Sensorimotor Performance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8841-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Social Services Saitama Prefectural University  Koshigaya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine  Hamamatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiga","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Nagoya Institute of Technology  Nagoya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7026-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Tokyo Kasei University  Sayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Saitama Sekishinkai Hospital  Sayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Takaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Saitama Sekishinkai Hospital  Sayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences Shonan University of Medical Sciences  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takako","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Social Services Saitama Prefectural University  Koshigaya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Saitama Sekishinkai Hospital  Sayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akimasa","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Nagoya Institute of Technology  Nagoya Japan"},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology Nagoya 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