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This capacity is reflected in the mismatch negativity and has been extensively studied in humans and animal models. Surprisingly, single\u2010unit recordings during auditory deviance detection in humans remain exceptionally rare. Here, we characterized single and multi\u2010unit responses to auditory deviants in frequency, location, intensity and timing dimensions, using the Optimum\u20101 multi\u2010feature oddball paradigm during unattended listening. Microwire recordings from 13 patients with drug\u2010resistant epilepsy yielded units from the amygdala (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200948), hippocampus (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200946), complemented by case\u2010level observations from Heschl's gyrus and posterior insula (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092 each). Amygdala showed multi\u2010phase responses, with timing deviants eliciting the strongest and earliest effects: suppression around 60\u2009ms followed by enhancement around 200\u2009ms. Intensity deviants produced suppression around 300\u2009ms. Hippocampus showed sparse engagement with no apparent feature specificity besides a weak late effect of sound frequency at the ensemble level (350\u2013400\u2009ms). Case\u2010level Heschl's gyrus recordings revealed functional heterogeneity, with responses ranging from early gap\u2010specific to late frequency and intensity activity. Case\u2010level insula units showed intensity\u2010selective responses and late spatial processing with contralateral enhancement for location deviants. Our results, particularly the amygdala response profile (early suppression and later enhancement), suggest temporally dissociable mechanisms of deviance encoding at the subcortical level, while the sparse hippocampal responses indicate limited engagement in deviance detection during passive listening. Overall, these findings provide the first human single\u2010unit characterization of multi\u2010feature auditory deviance processing, establishing a critical baseline for understanding cellular mechanisms of predictive auditory processing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T01:36:02Z","timestamp":1782437762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Single\u2010Neuron Responses to Multi\u2010Feature Auditory Deviants: Evidence From Medial Temporal Lobe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1821-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius R.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion University of Oslo  Oslo 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Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8671-2214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro O.","family":"Blenkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, Clinic for Mental Health and Substance Use Helgeland Hospital  Mosj\u00f8en 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