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Characterising these dynamics is essential for understanding their functional roles in health and their disruption in sleep\u2010related disorders. However, most work on healthy humans has used techniques with limited temporal or spatial resolution, focusing mainly on the cerebral cortex. Growing evidence suggests that subcortical and cerebellar structures contribute to sleep dynamics, yet these regions remain largely unexplored in human neuroimaging due to methodological limitations. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) offers millisecond temporal resolution with spatial precision to localise activity across cortical, subcortical and cerebellar regions. Recent evidence demonstrates that MEG can detect signals from deep brain structures, challenging assumptions about its spatial limitations, but systematic validation and whole\u2010brain mapping of oscillatory activity during sleep remain lacking. In this study, we provide comprehensive maps of oscillatory power across the whole brain during non\u2010rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep using source\u2010localised MEG. We first validated signal differentiability across cortical, subcortical and cerebellar regions using spectral fingerprinting analysis. We then characterised frequency\u2010specific and stage\u2010specific changes in oscillatory power across six frequency bands and three NREM sleep stages. Finally, we examined sigma\u2010band dynamics during spindle\u2010rich stage 2 sleep to investigate spindle\u2010related activity across brain regions. Our results reveal structured, region\u2010specific patterns of sleep modulation that extend beyond traditional cortical\u2010thalamic circuits, including novel evidence for cerebellar engagement in fast spindle frequencies. These findings expand models of sleep\u2010related brain activity and demonstrate the utility of whole\u2010brain MEG for understanding distributed sleep networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T07:49:56Z","timestamp":1783324196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sleep Oscillations Across Cortical, Subcortical and Cerebellar Structures in Magnetoencephalography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1551-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keelin","family":"Greenlaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Concordia University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Calvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Concordia University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Bouhour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Concordia University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Concordia University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"School of Health Concordia University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain, Sciences  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8249-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily B. 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