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Although electroencephalography (EEG) has been used to study cognitive function, few studies have examined how aging and PD affect brain network efficiency (functional connectivity) during a digit vigilance task, which primarily assesses sustained attention with moderate executive demands. Moreover, the influence of dopaminergic medication on functional connectivity during cognitive engagement remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of age, PD, and dopaminergic medication on EEG\u2010derived functional connectivity during a digit vigilance task. Twenty\u2010one individuals with PD (Hoehn &amp; Yahr I\u2013III, ON levodopa, with 19 tested ON\/OFF medication) and 87 healthy controls (aged 20\u201375) participated in this study. Participants underwent cognitive assessment and performed a digit vigilance task while seated. Concomitantly, data from a 32\u2010channel EEG (500\u2009Hz) system was acquired, preprocessed and analyzed for functional connectivity across five cortical regions (frontal, central, parietal, temporal, and occipital). Healthy controls exhibited age\u2010related declines in cognitive performance and frontal functional connectivity, particularly at the age of 70\u201375\u2009years. Compared to age\u2010matched healthy controls, people with PD (pwPD) showed impaired cognitive performance, alongside reduced central functional connectivity. No significant differences in functional connectivity were found between ON and OFF states. Therefore, during an executive function task, healthy individuals exhibit age\u2010related declines in the frontal functional connectivity, mainly in the 70s. For pwPD, deficits in functional connectivity were also observed in the central area, with no effect promoted by dopaminergic medication. Findings highlight the importance of targeted rehabilitation strategies for these regions in preserving cognitive\u2010motor integration and improving functional outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:07:34Z","timestamp":1783555654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional connectivity in neurologically healthy aging and Parkinson's Disease: Investigating the role of age and medication"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7559-2491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudiane Arakaki","family":"Fukuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI\u2010LAB), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Bauru S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8758-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Boari","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition Federal University of ABC  S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Federal University of ABC  S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Orcioli\u2010Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Rio Claro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9448-0161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila","family":"N\u00f3brega\u2010Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Lirani\u2010Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00fabia Ribeiro","family":"da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Systems Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP)  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Spiandor","family":"Beretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology and Sciences, Physical Education Department S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP)  Presidente Prudente Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Vit\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Northumbria University  Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00602-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20175"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.111939"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00314"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002985"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9060649"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2007.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70238-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21956"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0151-19.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02366-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni N. 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