{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:49:39Z","timestamp":1792172979288,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008893","name":"University of Iowa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008900","name":"University of South Florida","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008900","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pain management strategies have progressed beyond traditional pharmacologic and physical interventions, integrating advanced neuromodulation techniques such as deep brain stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, and high\u2010frequency spinal cord stimulation (hSCS). Despite its clinical efficacy, the supraspinal mechanisms underlying hSCS remain poorly understood. Prior work in sheep demonstrated that hSCS modulates gamma (\u03b3) band (70\u2013150\u2009Hz) activity in the primary somatosensory and association cortices, implicating cortical involvement in pain modulation. Given the interaction between low\u2010 and high\u2010oscillations, we hypothesized that hSCS modulates \u03b3 activity in a region\u2010 and time\u2010dependent manner through specific coupling with theta rhythms (\u03b8, 4\u20138\u2009Hz). To test this, we quantified \u03b8\u2013\u03b3 phase\u2010amplitude coupling (PAC) during tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) before (TNS\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and after (TNS\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) hSCS to assess cortical processing of TNS\u2010evoked activity, while recording cortical (association and somatosensory cortices) neural activity using 96\u2010channel subdural electrocorticography (ECoG). We then computed the corresponding modulation index (MI) to quantify PAC strength. While the preferred \u03b8 phase of \u03b3 activity remained consistent across conditions in both cortical areas, \u03b8\u2010\u03b3 coupling was more robust and stable in the association than the somatosensory cortex. However, MI increased significantly post\u2010hSCS in both cortices, indicating enhanced \u03b8\u2010\u03b3 coupling during TNS\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Temporally, both cortices showed distinct response patterns: the somatosensory cortex exhibited strongest coupling increase early post\u2010hSCS, followed by a progressive decline, whereas the association cortex showed a more delayed and temporally distributed enhancement. These findings indicate that hSCS modulates cortical cross\u2010frequency interactions during TNS\u2010evoked sensory processing, wherein somatosensory and association cortices show distinct temporal coupling dynamics that may contribute to supraspinal mechanisms of pain modulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T07:56:29Z","timestamp":1784188589000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High\u2010Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation Modifies Tibial Nerve\u2010Stimulation\u2010Evoked Cortical Theta\u2010Gamma Coupling in Sheep Cortex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-2827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal","family":"Bharmauria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Tampa Human Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain and Spine Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida  Florida USA"},{"name":"Center for Vision Research &amp; 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