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Another promising therapy, electrical epidural stimulation, also helps to reestablish connectivity but targets the caudal spinal cord. This study asked if the combination of OEC transplantation and administration of electrical epidural stimulation during climb training would improve recovery. Inbred Fischer 344 rats received a severe\u2010to\u2010complete SCI and a two\u2010week delayed transplant of OECs, media, or fibroblasts. Rats received electrical epidural stimulation while performing a climbing task 3 times\/week. To evaluate connectivity across the injury site, we injected a transsynaptic retrograde tracer GFP\u2010pseudorabies virus into the tibialis anterior of one hindlimb and RFP\u2010pseudorabies virus into the soleus of the other. Scores on the BBB locomotor test improved for all groups over time, but no behavioural differences were detected. Importantly, the GFP\u2010labelled OECs and fibroblasts survived in the injury site for 5.5\u20136.5\u2009months. OEC treatment greatly increased the density of serotonergic and neurofilament\u2010positive axons in the lesion core versus controls. The percent of neurofilament\u2010positive axons associated with myelin proteins was greater in OEC\u2010 than in media\u2010treated rats. We also found evidence of pseudorabies virus\u2010infected propriospinal neurons that express the transcription factor Chx10 above the injury site and some were cholinergic and dually\u2010labelled from antagonistic muscles. These results provide evidence that OEC transplantation combined with electrical epidural stimulation may be a beneficial treatment for severe SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T04:04:55Z","timestamp":1786939495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation Combined With Electrical Epidural Stimulation as a Long\u2010Term Treatment for Severe Spinal Cord Injury in Female Fischer 344 Rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Kaitlin L.","family":"Ingraham Dixie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa M.","family":"Tierno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahlet A.","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica A.","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1292-3983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology UCLA  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. 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