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However, treating speech disfluency as a continuous, dimensional trait offers new insights into the neural basis of fluency during early childhood. We investigated whether naturally occurring variation in speech disfluency is associated with grey matter structure in a population\u2010based sample of 5\u2010year\u2010old children (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009120; 65\u2009M, 55 F). Disfluency was derived from audio and video\u2010recorded conversational speech samples transcribed and coded using the Ambrose and Yairi classification into stuttering\u2010like disfluencies (SLDs) and other disfluencies (ODs). T1\u2010weighted magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed using voxel\u2010based morphometry and complemented by surface\u2010based measures of cortical thickness and surface area (FreeSurfer). Whole brain voxel\u2010wise regression tested associations between grey matter and disfluency while adjusting for age, sex, handedness, and maternal education, with additional robustness checks (including intracranial volume adjustment and alternative SLD operationalizations). Higher SLDs were positively correlated with regional grey matter volume primarily in the frontal cortex, with clusters in the left middle frontal gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus showing the greatest cross\u2010model stability (uncorrected voxel\u2010level\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; FDR\u2010corrected cluster\u2010level\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05); additional regions, including posterior cerebellum, were more sensitive to model specification. No significant voxel\u2010wise associations were observed for ODs, and surface\u2010based analyses yielded no significant associations with SLDs. Boys showed higher SLD rates than girls, but voxel\u2010wise sex\u2009\u00d7\u2009SLD interactions were not significant. These findings suggest that dimensionally measured SLDs across a population\u2010based cohort are most consistently related to frontal control systems implicated in planning and monitoring demands during speech. The overlap with frontal regions reported in diagnosis\u2010based stuttering studies suggests that frontal control circuitry is relevant to fluency variation in early childhood across both dimensional and categorical approaches. These findings support a complementary, dimensional approach to studying fluency variation in early childhood, while underscoring the need for longitudinal work to determine how naturally occurring disfluency relates to later developmental stuttering.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:20:01Z","timestamp":1787008801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural Brain Correlates of Speech Disfluency in Early Childhood: A Dimensional Analysis in a Population\u2010Based Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2348-7261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashmeet","family":"Jolly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine University of Turku and 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