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By virtue of their adaptive and innate\u2010like functions, B lymphocytes can play multiple roles in stroke. Following acute ischemic stroke, B cells home to the site of injury and produce cytokines that can either promote or exacerbate inflammation. They also secrete autoantibodies against neuronal and\/or vascular components, potentially aggravating the damage and contributing to long\u2010term neurological deficits. Clinical studies indicate that stroke patients can develop B\u2010cell responses that potentially contribute to dementia. In animal models, age\u2010associated B cells were found to worsen inflammation and contribute to autoimmunity. Through the production of antibodies and cytokines, B cells play a role in affecting the permeability of the blood\u2013brain barrier, thereby compromising its integrity. In addition to contributing to adverse outcomes by enhancing inflammation and producing harmful autoantibodies, B cells have been demonstrated to exhibit protective effects, helping to resolve inflammation and promoting tissue repair. In mice, the absence of B cells results in delayed recovery, suggesting that B\u2010cell migration to different regions of the brain imparts reduction of poststroke cognitive impairment. Gaining further insight into the multiple roles of B cells in stroke could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies and biomarker development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T05:29:49Z","timestamp":1791610189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["B Lymphocytes in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Immune Tolerance to Neuroprotection and Autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8225-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moncef","family":"Zouali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences China Medical University  Taichung 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