{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:52:11Z","timestamp":1791874331256,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite improved definition of the problem and better understanding of its phenomenology, freezing of gait (FoG) remains a therapeutic enigma for clinicians and neuroscientists alike. Patients with Parkinson disease (PD) or other neurological disorders experiencing FoG are similarly frustrated, despite the benefits that levodopa and other medications provide for control of PD's primary motor features. For those burdened by episodes of FoG, current therapeutic options are quite limited. Some patients achieve improvements from pharmacotherapy\u2014for example, by adjunctive use of an oral dopaminergic agonist or by subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine. If needed, deep brain stimulation sometimes offers symptomatic improvements. Certain interventions devised by physical therapists (or discovered by patients themselves) can improve FoG. However, successful pharmacotherapy for FoG has lagged behind, though the future holds some promising leads for therapies acting on dopaminergic, adenosinergic, noradrenergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic circuitry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:35:58Z","timestamp":1791873358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Freezing of Gait: A Therapeutic Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4976-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A.","family":"LeWitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology Wayne State University School of Medicine  Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870040514","article-title":"Biochemistry of Parkinson's Disease 28\u2009Years Later: A Critical Review","volume":"4","author":"Agid Y.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530290152026"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26102"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae097","article-title":"Ophthalmate Is a New Regulator of Motor Functions via CaSR: Implications for Movement Disorders","volume":"147","author":"Alhassen S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1177\/1877718X241292315","article-title":"Subthalamic and Nigral Stimulation for Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease: Randomized Pilot Trial","volume":"14","author":"Artusi C. 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