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However, the hypothesis that aggregation can result from manipulation by parasites to increase their transmission has never been demonstrated. We investigated this hypothesis using natural populations of two crustacean hosts (<jats:italic>Artemia franciscana<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Artemia parthenogenetica<\/jats:italic>) infected with one cestode and two microsporidian parasites. We found that swarming propensity increased in cestode\u2010infected hosts and that red colour intensity was higher in swarming compared with non\u2010swarming infected hosts. These effects likely result in increased cestode transmission to its final avian host. Furthermore, we found that microsporidian\u2010infected hosts had both increased swarming propensity and surfacing behaviour. Finally, we demonstrated using experimental infections that these concurrent manipulations result in increased spore transmission to new hosts. Hence, this study suggests that parasites can play a prominent role in host grouping behaviours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]],"date-time":"2013-01-28T06:26:43Z","timestamp":1359354403000},"page":"493-501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Why join groups? Lessons from parasite\u2010manipulated<i>Artemia<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nicolas O.","family":"Rode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive \u2010 UMR 5175 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva J.P.","family":"Lievens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive \u2010 UMR 5175 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Flaven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive \u2010 UMR 5175 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeline","family":"Segard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive \u2010 UMR 5175 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roula","family":"Jabbour\u2010Zahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive \u2010 UMR 5175 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta I.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana (CSIC) Avda. 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