{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:04:07Z","timestamp":1791356647764,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,18]],"date-time":"2015-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DDIG-1311409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DDIG-1311409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-0613730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-0613730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007516","name":"National Park Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1245373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1245373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yellowstone Park Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infection risk is assumed to increase with social group size, and thus be a cost of group living. We assess infection risk and costs with respect to group size using data from an epidemic of sarcoptic mange (<jats:italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/jats:italic>) among grey wolves (<jats:italic>Canis lupus<\/jats:italic>). We demonstrate that group size does not predict infection risk and that individual costs of infection, in terms of reduced survival, can be entirely offset by having sufficient numbers of pack\u2010mates. Infected individuals experience increased mortality hazards with increasing proportions of infected pack\u2010mates, but healthy individuals remain unaffected. The social support of group hunting and territory defence are two possible mechanisms mediating infection costs. This is likely a common phenomenon among other social species and chronic infections, but difficult to detect in systems where infection status cannot be measured continuously over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,18]],"date-time":"2015-05-18T07:36:53Z","timestamp":1431934613000},"page":"660-667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Social living mitigates the costs of a chronic illness in a cooperative carnivore"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"E. S.","family":"Almberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. C.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center Bozeman MT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. P.","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA"},{"name":"Santa Fe Institute Santa Fe NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. W.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yellowstone Wolf Project Yellowstone National Park WY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Metz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yellowstone Wolf Project Yellowstone National Park WY USA"},{"name":"College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula MT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. R.","family":"Stahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yellowstone Wolf Project Yellowstone National Park WY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0369"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.030102.151725"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00854-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268802007148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05736.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information\u2010Theoretic Approach","author":"Burnham KP","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147880"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"Cassidy KA(2013).Group composition effects on inter\u2010pack aggressive interaction of gray wolves in Yellowstone National Park. M.Sc. Thesis Dept of Natural Resources Science and Management. University of Minnesota St. Paul."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/6.2.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arq070"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x","article-title":"Regression models and life\u2010tables","volume":"34","author":"Cox DR","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00760.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arh028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0724.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2387816"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790942"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3802745"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-011-9526-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"The Northern Yellowstone Elk: Ecology and Management","author":"Houston DB","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.4.1120"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.880110.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1941192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arr159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(08)60405-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2249"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012002259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1335"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3280873"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2012).R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria. ISBN 3\u2010900051\u201007\u20100 URLhttp:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/666081"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3533"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000130175.38521.9F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444312034.ch5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","volume-title":"Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 2010","author":"Smith DW","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2012.02039.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2014.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","unstructured":"Therneau TM(2012).coxme: Mixed Effects Cox Models. R package version 2.2\u20103.http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=coxme."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.06.018"}],"container-title":["Ecology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fele.12444","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ele.12444","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ele.12444","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ele.12444","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T01:55:52Z","timestamp":1717898152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ele.12444"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Festa\u2010Bianchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,18]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ele.12444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ele.12444","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-023X","1461-0248"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-023X","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-0248","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-12-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-05-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}