{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:03:33Z","timestamp":1778166213396,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDJ\u2010153064\/2018\u20108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDJ\u2010153064\/2018\u20108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PQ\u2010306812\u20102\u201017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PQ\u2010306812\u20102\u201017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030E\u2010173542\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030E\u2010173542\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030E\u2010173542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030E\u2010173542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Why sex has evolved and is maintained is an open question in evolutionary biology. The Red Queen hypothesis predicts that host lineages subjected to more intense parasite pressure should invest more in sexual reproduction to continuously create novel defences against their rapidly evolving natural enemies. In this comparative study across the angiosperms, we show that hermaphrodite plant species associated with higher species richness of insect herbivores evolved flowers with higher biomass allocation towards the male sex, an indication of their greater outcrossing effort. This pattern remained robust after controlling for key vegetative, reproductive and biogeographical traits, suggesting that long\u2010term herbivory pressure is a key factor driving the selfing\u2013outcrossing gradient of higher plants. Although flower evolution is frequently associated with mutualistic pollinators, our findings support the Red Queen hypothesis and suggest that insect herbivores drive the sexual strategies of flowering plants and their genetic diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T23:49:33Z","timestamp":1660261773000},"page":"2177-2188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Insect herbivores drive sex allocation in angiosperm flowers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Roberto","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte  Natal Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1516-6364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin M.","family":"Gossner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Entomology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL  Birmensdorf Switzerland"},{"name":"ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Chair of Terrestrial Ecology, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich  Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4990-3636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Kollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Restoration Ecology, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich  Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Br\u00e4ndle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology Philipps Universit\u00e4t Marburg  Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Brant","family":"Paterno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte  Natal Brazil"},{"name":"Chair of Restoration Ecology, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich  Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-021-00912-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2012.01838.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02968.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1309320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00886.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213867110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13639"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2012.00232.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00748.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02067266"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.230.4728.895"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2005.14075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"Herbivory: the dynamics of animal\u2013plant interactions","author":"Crawley M.J.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1977.tb00979.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379868"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.110800"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-020117-043119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1941.tb02272.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","unstructured":"FloraWeb. (2020).FloraWeb. Available at:https:\/\/www.floraweb.de\/.Lastaccessed 27 APRIL 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2009.01327.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03043.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Sex versus non\u2010sex versus parasite","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton W.D.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.9.3566"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285237"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy060"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"A hypothesis to account for the maintenance of sex within populations","volume":"94","author":"Jaenike J.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Evolution Theory"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/282574"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.04434"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054215"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904695106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/02-0519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/339300a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2008.01430.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/336435a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1366-9516.2004.00106.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.28.010183.000323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/283012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175520"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0421-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(71)90058-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(64)90047-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"30","volume-title":"The biology of Nectaries","author":"Opler P.A.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.108259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12990"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","first-page":"921","article-title":"The maleness of larger angiosperm flowers","volume":"117","author":"Paterno G.B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtv047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","unstructured":"R Development Core Team()(2020).R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing Vienna. Austria.https:\/\/www.r\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2011.00757.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-018-0552-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00542.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1684-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.1019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)078[1640:FCLHPA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285896"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","volume-title":"Insect on plants: communities","author":"Strong D.R.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","unstructured":"The Plant List(2020).The Plant List. Available at:http:\/\/www.theplantlist.org. Last accessed 27 APRIL 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226118697.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.0532"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syu005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2004.02076.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800712"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.101564"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150452"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-01385-2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3749"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400838943"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285651"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01349.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12872"}],"container-title":["Ecology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ele.14092","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ele.14092","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ele.14092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T19:30:56Z","timestamp":1692646256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ele.14092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ele.14092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ele.14092","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v4\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v3\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v3\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v5\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v3\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v5\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v2\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v4\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/ELE.14092\/v4\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1461-023X","1461-0248"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-023X","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-0248","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}